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Articles

Manufactured tradition? – the Victoria Cross

Pages 78-93 | Published online: 24 Apr 2020
 

SUMMARY

The Victoria Cross, Britain’s highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy, is commonly believed to be cast from the bronze of Russian cannon captured at Sebastopol during the Crimean War. There is no corroboration for this belief beyond an entry in The Times in 1857. Historical sources suggest that neither the Queen nor her Prime Minister would have favoured an association of the medal with Sebastopol. From 1914, however, it is likely that many Victoria Crosses were indeed sourced from captured ordnance, but probably using Chinese guns. Some may even have been cast from entirely unprovenanced metal. Recent examination of VCs and putative sources of their metal by X-ray fluorescence suggest multiple sources of material, presenting medals variously of bronze, brass and copper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most grateful to The Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland, The DLI Collection, Spennymoor, The Fusilier Museum, Tower of London, The Airborne Assault Museum, The Royal Artillery Firepower Museum, The Royal Engineers Museum, The National Army Museum, The Imperial War Museum, The Ministry of Defence and Keuhne + Nagel (UK) for generously permitting access to their collections.

SUMMARY IN FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN AND ITALIAN

RÉSUMÉ

Tradition manufacturée? – La Croix Victorienne

La Croix Victorienne, la plus haute récompense britannique pour la galanterie face à l’ennemi, est communément connue pour être moulée à partir du bronze d’un canon russe saisi à Sébastopol pendant la guerre de Crimée. Cette légende n’est pas vérifiée, si ce n’est par une mention dans le Times en 1857. Les sources historiques suggèrent que ni la Reine ni le premier ministre auraient souhaité un quelconque lien pour cette médaille avec Sébastopol. A partir de 1914, cependant, il est probable que de nombreuses croix victoriennes provenaient en effet de matériel de guerre saisi, mais plus probablement d’armes chinoises. Certaines peuvent avoir été moulées entièrement à partir de métal dont la provenance n’est pas documentée. De récentes analyses par fluorescence de rayons X, sur des croix victoriennes et les provenances supposées de leur métal, suggèrent de multiples provenances du matériau utilisé: il s'agit de diverses médailles de bronze, de laiton et de cuivre.

RESUMEN

Tradición fabricada? La Crux Victoria

Se cree que la Cruz Victoria, el premio más alto de Gran Bretaña otorgado por gallardía frente al enemigo, se hizo con el bronce fundido del cañón ruso capturado en Sebastopol durante la Guerra de Crimea. No hay corroboración de esta creencia más allá de una entrada en The Times en 1857. Fuentes históricas sugieren que ni la reina ni su primer ministro habrían favorecido que la medalla se asociara con Sebastopol, aunque parece posible que a partir de 1914 muchas Cruces Victoria se hicieran a partir de municiones capturadas, pero probablemente utilizando armas chinas. Otras pudieron haber sido fundidas también a partir de metal sin procedencia. El examen reciente de varias Cruces Victoria mediante fluorescencia de rayos X sugiere que el material utilizado proviene de múltiples fuentes e incluye medallas de bronce, latón y cobre.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Eine erfundene Tradition? - Das Victoria-Kreuz

Das Victoria-Kreuz, Großbritanniens höchste Auszeichnung für Galanterie im Angesicht des Feindes, wird allgemein angenommen, dass aus der Bronze der russischen Kanone gegossen wurde, die während des Krimkrieges in Sebastopol gefangen genommen wurde. Es gibt keine Bestätigung für diesen Glauben über einen Eintrag in der Times von 1857 hinaus. Historische Quellen deuten darauf hin, dass weder die Königin noch ihr Premierminister eine Verbindung der Medaille mit Sebastopol favorisiert hätten. Ab 1914 ist es jedoch wahrscheinlich, dass viele Victoria-Kreuze tatsächlich aus gefangenen Waffen stammen, aber wahrscheinlich aus chinesischen Geschützen. Einige wurden vielleicht sogar aus völlig unerprobtem Metall gegossen. Jüngste Untersuchungen von VCs und vermeintlichen Quellen ihres Metalls durch Röntgenfluoreszenz deuten auf mehrere Materialquellen hin, die Medaillen aus Bronze, Messing und Kupfer präsentieren.

RIASSUNTO

Una tradizione manifatturiera? – La Victoria Cross

Si ritiene comunemente che la Victoria Cross, la più alta onorificenza britannica per il coraggio dimostrato di fronte al nemico, sia realizzata con il bronzo dei cannoni russi presi a Sebastopoli durante la guerra di Crimea. Non vi sono prove concrete che suffraghino questa credenza al di là in un articolo comparso sul Times nel 1857. Le fonti storiche indicano che né la regina, né il primo ministro avrebbero incoraggiato l’associazione fra la medaglia e Sebastopoli. In ogni caso, è verosimile che a partire dal 1914 diversi esemplari di Victoria Cross siano stati realizzati con armi confiscate, ma utilizzando probabilmente fucili cinesi. Alcune potrebbero essere state realizzate con metallo interamente di questa provenienza. Le recenti analisi spettrografiche e le ipotesi formulate a partire dalla fluorescenza a raggi X suggeriscono fonti di provenienza diversa per il metallo, essendo in presenza di medaglie realizzate in bronzo, ottone e rame.

Andrew Marriott, Newcastle University [[email protected]]

Notes

1 Ministry of Defence website 14 July 2016.

2 Saunders 2003, 23.

3 Litherland & Simpkin 1990, 47.

4 Royal Household website 1 May 2015.

5 Mezey 2016, 160.

6 Saunders 2003, 23.

7 Ministry of Defence website 14 July 2016.

8 Firepower website 20 November 2014.

9 Glanfield 2005.

10 National Archives WO/98/1.

11 Holmes Citation2001, 238-239.

12 Lambert 2011, 15.

13 Victoria 1854, 1855a.

14 Victoria 1855b.

15 M.P. 1856.

16 Hansard 1854.

17 Glanfield 2005, 19–22.

18 Hancocks website 20 November 2014.

19 Victoria 1856.

20 Glanfield 2005, 22.

21 Glanfield 2005, 22-23.

22 Holmes Citation2001, 239.

23 Markovits 2012, 10.

24 Weingart 1999, 163.

25 Panmure 1855.

26 Bartlett & Payne 2014, 655–660.

27 Sweetman 2001, 89–92.

28 Bartlett & Payne 2014, 656.

29 Bartlett & Payne 2014, 655.

30 Duncan, 1872, 151.

31 Cleaveland 2012, 175.

32 Royal Artillery Aide-Memoire n.d.

33 QRs 1996.

34 Newnes 1901.

35 Callaghan 2015.

36 Smith 2010.

37 Royal Household website 2015.

38 Glanfield 2007, 21–22.

39 Pers. comm. Michael Naxton, August 3, 2015.

40 Glanfield 2005.

41 Wilson 1985.

42 Glanfield 2005, 25–27.

43 Glanfield 2005, 30–31.

44 Glanfield 2005, 33.

45 Glanfield 2005, 32.

46 Glanfield 2005, 27–28.

47 MoD Cer Plans 2016; MoD DE&S 2017a, b.

48 Markovits 2012, 5–6, 95–96.

49 Bartlett & Payne 2014, 658.

50 Brown 2014, 27–28.

51 Matthews, 2012, 201.

52 Brown 2014, 31–32.

53 Miles 1856.

54 Bartlett & Payne 2014, 655–656.

55 Victoria 1856.

56 Shackelford 2015, 374.

57 Blackmore 1976, McConnell 1988.

58 Brady, Clauser & Vaccari 2002, 141, 468–469.

59 St Petersburg Museum of Artillery website 2016.

60 McConnell 1988, 16, 27.

61 Tucker 1989, 10.

62 McConnell 1988, 15–27.

63 McConnell 1988, 15.

64 Blackmore 1976, 407–409.

65 Blackmore 1976, 408.

66 Smith 2012, 61–63, 69.

67 Newnes 1901.

68 Glanfield 2007, 21–22.

69 Glanfield 2005, 160.

70 Budd et al. 1999, 147–150.

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