An examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and intellectual descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo‐Turkish War of 1877–1878

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Notes

Anita L. P. Burdett, ed., Caucasus Boundaries: Documents and Maps, 1802–1946 (Archive Editions, 1996), p. 279.

Ariel Cohen, Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1996), p. 55; Abdullah Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856–1876) (Ankara: TTK, 1997), p. 25.

Edward Allworth, Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 59.

Michael Khodarskovsky, “Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects: Constructing Non‐Christian Identities in Early Modern Russia,” in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press), p. 10.

Khodarskovsky, “Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects,” p. 11.

Susan Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 157. Even though she primarily focuses on the Caucasians' portrayals in Russian literature, Layton gives valuable information on Russian military views of the Caucasians as well.

Layton, Russian Literature and Empire, p. 172.

Marie Bennigsen Broxup, “Russia and the North Caucasus,” in Marie Bennigsen Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World (London: Hurst, 1992), p. 1, Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 28, Akdes Nimet Kurat, Rusya Tarihi, Baslang1çtan 1917'e Kadar, 3rd edn (Ankara: TTK, 1993), p. 155.

Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995), p. 33.

Ali Kasumov‐Hasan Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1: Çerkeslerin XIX. Ÿuzy1l Kurtulus Savasi Tarihi (Ankara: Kaf‐Der, 1995), p. 90.

Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 42.

Ibid., p. 68.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, pp. 70–73.

Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 42.

Ariel Cohen, Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1996), p. 56.

Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 44, Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, p. 75.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, p. 118.

Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 45.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, p. 75, Henze, p. 63..

Ibid., p. 119.

Ibid., p. 141.

Saydam, KIrIm ve Kafkas Göçleri, p. 46.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, p. 165.

Ibid., p. 168.

John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (Curzon Press, 1999), p. 231.

Moshe Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (Frank Cass, 1994), p. 292.

Even though Bogdanovich did not take an active part in the Russian army during the Crimean War or the Russo‐Turkish war, I still consider him a member of the Russian military elite due to his military background and his focus on the wars as a military historian. He studied in a regiment of the nobility and in 1823 was promoted to the rank of an officer. He finished the war academy (1835) and in 1838 earned the title of adjutant professor, and from 1843 on worked as a professor of war historiography at the department of the history in the Ministry of War. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 531.

Mikhail Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia Voina 1853–1856 godov, Vol. 4 (St Petersburg, 1876), p. 231.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, pp. 174–188.

Ibid., p. 173.

Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar, p. 293.

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, “Systematic Conquest, 1865 to 1884,” in Edward Allworth, ed., Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 131.

d'Encausse, “Systematic Conquest, 1865 to 1884,” p. 131.

McCarthy, Death and Exile, p. 34.

Austin Lee Jersild, “From Savagery to Citizenship: Caucasian Mountaineers and Muslims in the Russian Empire,” in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), pp. 103–104; Dov Yaroshevski, “Empire and Citizenship,” in Brower and Lazzerini, Russia's Orient, p. 71.

Ibid. pp. 109–111.

Islam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 3, p. 330.

Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar, p. 294.

Kasumov, Çerkes Soyk1r1m1, p. 284.

V. P. Mescherskii, Kavkazkoi Putevoi Dnevnik, 1877–78 (St Petersburg, 1880), p. 16.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Gazenkompf, p. 12.

Edward C. Thaden, Conservative Nationalism in Nineteenth‐Century Russia, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964), p. 199.

Ibid., p. 299.

Mescherskii, Kavkazkoi Putevoi Dnevnik, p. 35.

N. Maksimov, “Za Dunaem,” Otechestvennie Zapiski, No. 9, 1878, p. 346.

Ibid.

Danchenko reported the war for a newly founded St Petersburg daily, Nash Vek (Our Century): Louise McReynolds, The News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass‐Circulation Press (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 87.

A. N. Maslov, God Voiny v Maloi Azii, 1877–78 (St Petersburg, 1879), p. 47.

Mescherskii, Kavkazkoi Putevoi Dnevnik, p. 121.

Ibid., p. 122.

Ibid., p. 320.

Ibid., p. 122.

Ibid., p. 320.

Maslov, God Voiny v Maloi Azii, p. 47.

Ibid.

Mescherskii, Kavkazkoi Putevoi Dnevnik, p. 107.

Maslov, God Voiny v Maloi Azii, p. 47.

V. M. Vonliarskii, Vospominaniia ordinartsa o voine 1877–78 gg. (St Petersburg, 1891), p. 21.

Layton, Russian Literature and Empire, p. 156.

Mikhail Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia Voina 1853–56 godov, Vol. 2 (St Petersburg, 1876), p. 149.

Robert H. MacFonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880–1918 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press), p. 4.

Bennigsen Broxup, “Russia and the North Caucasus,” p. 14.