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Notes
I am deeply grateful to Mark Biondich, Audrey Budding, Cathie Carmichael, Eric D. Gordy, Danica Fink‐Hafner, Matjaž Klemenčič, Dunja Melčić, Jim Sadkovich, Džemal Sokolović, Ludwig Steindorff, and Frances Trix for their most helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article. I also wish to thank Mark Biondich, Audrey Budding, Danica Fink‐Hafner, Matjaž Klemenčič, and Dunja Melčić for sending me helpful materials.
See the detailed figures in Sabrina P. Ramet, Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), pp. 33–35.
See the discussion in Pedro Ramet, “Yugoslavia and the Threat of Internal and External Discontents,” Orbis, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1984, pp. 103–121.
Paul Hockenos, Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 126–127.
Anthony F. C. Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” American Anthropologist, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1956, p. 265.
Ibid., p. 277.
Ibid., p. 268.
Ibid., p. 268.
Michael Palairet, “The inter‐regional struggle for resources and the fall of Yugoslavia,” in Lenard J. Cohen and Jasna Dragović‐Soso, eds, The Dissolution of Yugoslavia (forthcoming), pp. 4–5.
Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” p. 269.
This is the correct Slovenian spelling of his name. In Serbian sources, his name has conventionally been written “Krajger.”
Steven L. Burg, “Elite Conflict in Post‐Tito Yugoslavia,” Soviet Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1986, p. 170.
Ramet, “Yugoslavia and the Threat,” p. 108.
Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” p. 269.
Ibid., p. 269.
Anthony F. C. Wallace, “The Dekanawideh Myth Analyzed as the Record of a Revitalization Movement,” Ethnohistory, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1958, pp. 119–120. Wallace's point is that political programs may sometimes be associated with revitalization movements and that some revitalization movements are religious in character. There is not a single line in his classic article devoted to the relationship between religion and nationalism.
Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” p. 270.
Ibid., p. 271.
As quoted in the Chicago Tribune, 17 October 1988.
As quoted in the Washington Post, 4 February 1990.
As quoted in Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia (London: Penguin Books and BBC Books, 1995), p. 37.
As quoted in Nebojša Popov, “Serbian Populism and the Fall of Yugoslavia,” Uncaptive Minds, Vol. 8, Nos 3–4, 1995/1996, p. 99. Popov's article was originally published in Serbian in Vreme (Belgrade), 24 May 1993.
Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” p. 273.
John J. Collins, The Cult Experience: An Overview of Cults, Their Traditions and Why People Join Them (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1991), pp. 6, 54, citing the work of Willa Appel, and Luther A. Gerlach and Virginia Hine.
Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), p. 183.
Collins, The Cult Experience, pp. 55–56.
On this point, see Ivan Čolović, The Politics of Symbol in Serbia: Essays in Political Anthropology, trans. Celia Hawkesworth (London: C. Hurst, 2002).
As quoted in Popov, “Serbian Populism,” p. 100.
Ibid., p. 104.
See Slobodan Milošević, Godine Raspleta, 2nd edn (Belgrade: Beogradski izdavačko‐grafički zavod, 1989), p. 264.
As cited in Marie‐Janine Calic, Krieg und Frieden in Bosnien‐Hercegovina, rev. edn (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1996), p. 171.
Paolo Rumiz, Masken füur ein Massaker. Der manipulierte Krieg: Spurensuche auf dem Balkan, trans. Friederike Hausmann and Gesa Schrüoder (Munich: Verlag Antje Kunstmann, 2000), p. 143.
Miloš Vasić, “The Yugoslav Army and the Post‐Yugoslav Armies,” in David A. Dyker and Ivan Vejvoda, eds, Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth (Harlow, England: Longman, 1996), p. 132, as quoted in Tom Gallagher, The Balkans after the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 116.
Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” pp. 274–275.
Milorad Tomanić, Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj (Belgrade: Medijska knjižara, 2001), especially pp. 39–40, 43–44, 56, 58–59.
Memorandum of the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Politika, 29 May 1992, p. 10, translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report (Eastern Europe), 11 June 1992, p. 56.
Sabrina Petra Ramet, “The Serbian Church and the Serbian Nation,” in Sabrina Petra Ramet and Ljubiša S. Adamovich, eds, Beyond Yugoslavia: Politics, Economics, and Culture in a Shattered Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), p. 117.
For a provocative reading of the alleged apparition, see Mart Bax, “Mass Graves, Stagnating Identification, and Violence: A Case Study in the Local Sources of ‘the War’ in Bosnia Hercegovina,” Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1997, pp. 11–19.
As quoted in David Bruce MacDonald, Balkan Holocausts? Serbian and Croatian Victim‐Centred Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 120.
Ibid., pp. 121–122.
As quoted in ibid., p. 210.
As quoted in ibid., p. 210.
See, for example, Dušan Bilandžić et al., Croatia between War and Independence (Zagreb: University of Zagreb and OKC, 1991), pp. 22–23.
Petar Vučić, Politička sudbina Hrvatske. Geopolitičke i geostrateške karakterike Hrvatske (Zagreb, 1995), p. 300, as quoted in Rusmir Mahmutćehajić, The Denial of Bosnia, trans. Francis R. Jones and Marina Bowder (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), p. 74.
Gallagher, The Balkans after the Cold War, pp. 60–61. See also Ludwig Steindorff, Kroatien. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (Regensburg and Munich: Verlag Friedrich Pustet & Süudosteuropa‐Gesellschaft, 2001), p. 220.
Martin Špegelj, Sjećanja vojnika, ed. Ivo Žanić (Zagreb: Znanje, 2001), pp. 218–219, 292, et passim.
Špegelj's argument is that the Croatian Army could have retaken all the lands occupied by Serbian paramilitaries and the Jugosloverska Narodna Armija (Yugoslav People's Army, JNA) by sometime in spring at the latest. For his evidence, see Špegelj, Sjećanja vojnika, passim.
For a clear expostulation of the culpability of the international community, see James Gow, The Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (London: Hurst, 1997); also Sabrina P. Ramet, “The Yugoslav Crisis and the West: Avoiding ‘Vietnam’ and Blundering into ‘Abyssinia,’” East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1994, pp. 189–219.
Collins, The Cult Experience, p. 8, citing Robert S. Ellwood, Jr.
The concerted Allied effort after World War II to “de‐program” and “re‐program” the people of Germany, Austria, and Italy through carefully tailored restructuring of the educational and media systems and by engaging the churches in a dialogue of toleration stands as an important historical example of such “de‐programming.” The absence of any even remotely comparable international effort in post‐Dayton Serbia is surely not unrelated to the persistence of support for Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Radical Party. Regarding the Allied effort, see book by John H. Herz (ed.), From Dictatorship to Democracy: Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism (Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1982).
See Robert P. George, Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), introduction and Chapter 1.
Ljubomir Madžar, “Who Exploited Whom?” in Nebojša Popov, ed., The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis, ed. Drinka Gojković (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000), p. 173.
Interview research conducted among 534 adults from families living in the Varaždin Bosnian refugee camp in Croatia in 1996 and 1999 found that those interviewed suffered from “high levels of chronic psychiatric disorders and disability.” Parallel research among 206 Bosnian refugees in Sweden found that their “symptoms included sleeping problems, nightmares, depression, startle reactions, a tendency toward isolation, irritability, emotional difficulty, bodily tension, and fear of places or situations resembling the traumatic event.” Richard F. Mollica, Narcisa Sarajlić, Miriam Chernoff, James Lavelle, Iris Sarajlić Vuković, and Michael P. Massagli, “Longitudinal Study of Psychiatric Symptoms, Disability, Mortality, and Emigration Among Bosnian Refugees,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 286, No. 5, 2001, p. 553; and “Civil War Stress,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 281, No. 6, 1999, p. 503.
For further discussion of this point, see Calic, Krieg und Frieden, pp. 141–146.