Redefining Religion: Uzbek Atheist Propaganda in Gorbachev-Era Uzbekistan

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

1. Jon Elster, Karl Marx: A Reader (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 301.

2. M. A. Usmonov, Islom Spravochnik, 2nd ed. (Tashkent: O'zbek Sovet Entsiklopediyasi Bosh redaktsiyasi, 1987), p. 2.

3. M. A. Usmonov and I. Jabbarov, Ateistik Entsiklopedik Lug'at (Tashkent: O'zbek Sovet Entsiklopediyasi Bosh redaktsiyasi, 1988), p. 388.

4. William Fierman, “Policy towards Islam in Uzbekistan in the Glasnost' Era,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 22, 1994, p. 234.

5. Ibid., pp. 225–226.

6. Azade-Ayse Rorlich, “Islam and Atheism: Dynamic Tension in Soviet Central Asia,” in William Fierman, ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), p. 195.

7. Fierman, “Policy towards Islam,” p. 228.

8. Rorlich, “Islam and Atheism,” p. 203.

9. Mehrdad Haghayeghi, Islam and Politics in Central Asia (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996), p. 56.

10. Ibid., p. 186.

11. Michael Bourdeaux, The Politics of Russia and the New States of Eurasia (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), p. 8.

12. M.A. Usmonov, Islom Spravochnik (Tashkent: O'zbek Sovet Entsiklopediyasi Bosh redaktsiyasi, 1989), p. 2.

13. Karl Krippes, Uzbek–English Dictionary (Kensington, MD: Dunwoody Press, 1996), p. 102.

14. Ateistik Entsiklopedik Lug'at, s.v. “Ibrohim,” p. 166.

15. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Ibrohim,” p. 128.

16. Among them Yevgeny Belayev, Yevgeny Bertels, and Ilya Petrushevsky.

17. Yaacov Roi, Islam in the Soviet Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 523.

18. William Fierman, “The Soviet ‘Transformation,’” in William Fierman, ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), p. 26.

19. Islom Spravochnik, 1986, s.v. “Adjodlarga sig'inish,” p. 39.

20. Ateistik Entsiklopedik Lug'at, s.v. “Adjodlarga sig'inish,” pp. 14–15.

21. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Adjodlarga sig'inish,” pp. 49–50.

22. Islom Spravochnik, 1986, s.v. “Janoza,” p. 77.

23. Roi, Islam in the Soviet Union, p. 518.

24. David E. Powell, Antireligious Propaganda in the Soviet Union: A Study of Mass Persuasion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975), p. 70.

25. Ateistik Entsiklopedik Lug'at, s.v. “Janoza,” pp. 152–153.

26. M. Nazif Shahrani, “Islam and the Political Culture of ‘Scientific Atheism’ in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Future Predicaments,” in Michael Bourdeaux, ed., The Politics of Russia and the New States of Eurasia (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), p. 278.

27. Uzbekistan Looking to the Future, <http://www.uzbekistan.uz/eng/striving.html>.

28. Ibid.

29. Deniz Kandiyoti and Nadira Azimova. “The Communal and the Sacred: Women's Worlds of Ritual in Uzbekistan,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2004, p. 330.

30. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Navro'z,” pp. 212–214.

31. Ibid., s.v. “Chilla,” p. 276.

32. Zuh riddin Husniddinov, Islom Entsiklopediya (Tashkent: Davlat Ilmiy Nashriyoti, 2004), p. 263. This entry is one of many reprinted nearly verbatim from the Soviet-era guides to Islam.

33. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Tashahhud,” p. 253.

34. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Fitr,” p. 264.

35. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Tashahhud,” p. 253.

36. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Fotiha,” p. 266.

37. The wording of this translation was copied from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatiha>.

38. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Musulmon Mamlakatlari,” pp. 316–334.

39. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Musulmon Xalqlar,” pp. 200–201.

40. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Jadidizm,” p. 109.

41. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Bashorat,” p. 67.

42. Isa Jabborov, Ateistik Suhbatlar (Tashkent: “O'zbekiston,” 1990), p. 3.

43. Kandiyoti and Azimova, “The Communal and the Sacred.” Poliakov and Snesarev are mentioned specifically in this regard.

44. Islom Spravochnik, 1989, s.v. “Mujohid,” p. 192.

45. Islom Entsiklopediyasi, s.v. “Mujohid,” p. 165.

46. Rafyq Mohammatshin, “Official and Unofficial Islam in Contemporary Tatarstan: Islam's Position in Tatar Society and the Emergence of an Independent Islamic Theoretical Perspective,” in Stephen Dudoignon and Komatsu Hisao, eds, Islam and Politics in Russia and Central Asia (Early Eighteenth to Late Twentieth Centuries) (London: Kegan Paul, 2001), p. 280.

47. “Afyun,” in Mushtum (Tashkent: “O'zbekiston,” 1987), p. 25. The cartoonist credited is V. Dumkin.