![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
Notes
1. *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 10th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), Columbia University, 14–16 April 2005. The author would like to thank Elizabeth A. Anderson for comments on an earlier draft. The comments of the two anonymous referees were also much appreciated.
2. The PCRM won the 25 February 2001 election with 50.07% of the vote, securing the indirectly elected presidency on 4 April 2001. It obtained 45.98% of the vote in the 2005 parliamentary elections.
3. Shafir, “Moldova's Elections”; Kuzio, “Back to the USSR.”
4. Both the Democratic Party and Social Liberal Party were initially part of this partnership. See Vladimir Socor, “Pro-Western Governing Coalition Possible in Moldova,” Eurasia Daily Monitor 2, no. 50, 14 March Citation2005, < www.rferl.org>.
5. Skvortsova, “The Cultural and Social Makeup of Moldova,” 159–96.
6. King, The Moldovans, 91.
7. For example, Eyal, “Moldavians,” 123–41; Deletant, “Language Policy and Linguistic Trends in Soviet Moldavia,” 189.
8. King, Post-Soviet Moldova.
9. Stati, Dicţionar Moldovenesc–Românesc, 185.
10. Munteanu, “‘Moldovanism’ as a Political Weapon.”
11. Stalin, “Marxism and the National Question.”
12. van Meurs, The Bessarabian Question.
13. That is, the part of the Moldovan principality not annexed by Russia in 1812. King, “The Ambivalence of Authenticity, or How the Moldovan Language was Made,” 117–42; Dyer, The Romanian Dialect of Moldova.
14. The first quote is from Safran, “Introduction,” 4; the second is attributed to Max Weinreich, in McColl Millar, Language, Nation and Power, 57.
15. Dyer, The Romanian Dialect, 33.
16. Eyal, “Moldavians.”
17. Bruchis, The Republic of Moldavia, 24.
18. Neukirch, “National Minorities in the Republic of Moldova,” 45–64.
19. King, “Marking Time in the Middle Ground,” 60–82. See also van Meurs, “Carving a Moldovan Identity out of History,” 39–55.
20. According to the October 2004 census (which did not include Transnistria) the ethnic groups comprise Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3%; according to the (disputed) November 2004 census in Transnistria, the main ethnic groups in Moldova are: Moldovans 31.9%, Russian 30.4%, Ukrainians 28.8%. See <www.pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html> (accessed 7 January 2006). Although Transnistria has three official languages, Russian is the first among equals among the population.
21. Munteanu, “‘Moldovanism.’”
22. King, “Marking Time.”
23. Fruntaşu, O Istorie Etnopolitică a Basarabiei 1812–2002, 532–33.
24. Kolstø and Melberg, “Integration, Alienation, and Conflict in Estonia and Moldova at the Societal Level,” 31–70. About 53.2% of Moldovan citizens who identified themselves as ethnic Moldovans believed in the common identity of the Moldovan and Romanian languages in 1998. See Skvortsova, “The Cultural and Social Makeup of Moldova.”
25. King, “Marking Time.”
26. Jamestown Foundation Monitor 8, no. 67, 5 April 2002, < www.jamestown.org> (accessed 10 July 2007).
27. Most recently in March, The Moldovan Communists.
28. PCRM, Programma i ustav Partii Kommunistov Respubliki Moldova.
29. “Programmnoe zayavlenie partii Kommunistov Respubliki Moldova. Prinyato na respublikanskoi uchreditel’noi konferentsii partii Kommunistov Respubliki Moldova 22 oktyabrya 1993g,” available from PCRM website, < www.pcrm.md> (accessed 22 July 2003); “Moldovan Leader Says Communists Pledged to Democracy, Independence,” Infotag, 27 October 2003, < www.infotag.md> .
30. Voronin, Vasha sud’ba-v vashikh rukakh.
31. PCRM, Programma i ustav Partii Kommunistov Respubliki Moldova.
32. For example, Mahr and Nagle, “Resurrection of the Successor Parties and Democratization in East-Central Europe,” 393–410.
33. March, The Moldovan Communists.
34. Voronin, Vasha sud’ba.
35. Wim van Meurs, History Textbooks in Moldova, Council of Europe website, <www.coe.int> (accessed 30 January 2005).
36. Solonari, “Narrative, Identity, State,” 414–45.
37. See, for example, Dragnev and Postică, Istoria Românilor. For a thorough criticism of this view see DuNay, The Origin of the Rumanians.
38. Solonari, “Narrative, Identity, State”; Stefan Ihrig, “Romanianism vs. Moldovanism—National Identity Negotiated in History Teaching in Moldova,” paper presented at the ASN Convention, Columbia University, 14–16 April 2005.
39. Anderson, “Democratic Citizenship, History Education and National Identity in the Republic of Moldova.”
40. Ţaranov and Stati had been members of the PCRM parliamentary faction in 1998–2001. Şornicov is now rumoured to be teaching in Tiraspol.
41. E.g. Andrushchak et al., Istoriya Respubliki Moldova; Stati, Istoriya Moldovy.
42. Solonari, “Narrative, Identity, State.”
43. Stati, Istoriya Moldovy.
44. Andrushchak et al., Istoriya Respubliki Moldova, 219.
45. Ibid., 342.
46. Bruchis, “Moldavian National History,” 3–29.
47. RFE/RL Newsline, 15 November 2004, < www.rferl.org/newsline> (accessed 10 July 2007).
48. Vasile Vieru, “My-Moldovane-poskol’ku nashi predki-gety,” Kommunist, no. 36, 10 October 2003, 14, 37; 17 October 2003, 12–13.
49. Ivan Grec, “Na perekreste vsekh bed,” Nezavisimaya Moldova, 6 August 2004, < www.nm.md> (accessed 20 March 2007). See United Nations Development Fund, Towards a Culture of Peace, for a view of Moldovan national traditions.
50. Solonari, “Narrative, Identity, State.”
51. Andrushchak et al., Istoriya Respubliki Moldova, 129.
52. Marinescu, “Between Romania and Russia,” 165–91.
53. Author's interview with Arcadie Barbarosie, Executive Director of Institutul de Politici Publice (IPP), Chişinău, 8 October 2003, 8.
54. Shofransky, “Moldovenisation,” 293–96.
55. Stati, Dicţionar Moldovenesc–Românesc; Ananii Grosul, “Yazyk u nas obshchii,” Kommunist, no. 30–31, 12 September 2003, 14–15; Victor Stepaniuc, “În ţara asta sunt prea mulţi români,” Timpul, no. 3, October 2003, 8.
56. Dumitru Irimia, “Dicţionarul moldovanesc–românesc—un avorton între inepţie şi ticăloşie,” Contrafort, no. 10–11, October–November 2003, <www.contra fort.md>.
57. Serebrian, “Good Brothers, Bad Neighbours,” 149–53.
58. Vasile Vieru, “Utverzhdenie nashikh national’no-gosudarstvennykh osnov,” Kommunist, no. 30–31, 12 September 2003, 16–17.
59. Parlamentul Republicii Moldova, Concepţia politicii naţionale a Republicii Moldova.
60. Stepaniuc, “În ţara asta.”
61. Mihai Iurascu, “‘Voroninismul’—Regionalism politic modern sau dictatură modernă regională?,” Contrafort, no. 1–2, January–February 2004, <www.contrafort.md> .
62. Tamara Cărăuş, “‘O natsional’noi politike’ v Respublike Moldova: mezhdu bilingvismom i monolingvism,” Kishinevskii obozrevatel, 11 September 2003 (Web version), <www.ko.md> (accessed 22 October 2003).
63. Gribincea and Grecu, Moldova.
64. “Na proshchanie Pamela Smit skazala vse, chto ona dumaet o Moldove,” Moldavskie vedomosti, 24 September 2003, 1, 3.
65. Author's interview with Ambassador Ceslav Ciobanu, Washington, DC, 1 December 2003.
66. Quoted in “Political Commentaries: Asymmetric Reasoning,” ADEPT website, <www.e-democracy.md> (accessed 22 October 2003), 20 October 2003.
67. Stati, Dicţionar Moldovenesc–Românesc, 14.
68. “Modernization of the Governing Party,” ADEPT website, <www.e-democracy.md> (accessed 25 July 2007), 20 June 2003.
69. Platforma Partidului Comuniştilor din Republica Moldova la alegerile parlamentare din 2005, <www.alegeri2005.md/opponents/pcrm/program> (accessed 1 July 2007).
70. Boţan, “Political Style.”
71. Mariana Argint, “European Integration Concept—at Last …,” Centre for Strategic Studies and Reforms website, <www.cisr-md.org> (accessed 27 October 2003).
72. “Address by Vladimir Voronin, President of the Republic of Moldova, at the IV part session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,” <www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/PA-Sessions/Sept-2003/disc_Voronin.asp> (accessed 10 July 2007).
73. van Meurs, Moldova ante portas.
74. Eudzheniya Ostapova, “Prezident sovetuet russkoyazychnym uchit’ Moldavskii,” Moldavskie vedomosti, 2 October 2004, <www.vedomosti.md> (accessed 20 March Citation2005).
75. For more on the external constraints see March and Herd, “Moldova between Europe and Russia.”
76. Platforma Partidului Comuniştilor din Republica Moldova.
77. “După un an de ‘consens,’ democraţia din R. Moldova se află în pericol,” Timpul, 5 April 2006, 1.
78. See the articles in Flux, 7 April 2006, 2.
79. Author's interviews in Chişinău, April 2006.
80. Vladimir Socor, “The Regional Impact of Moldova's Elections,” <http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id = 97> (accessed 15 April 2005).
81. Author's interview with Vlad Cubreacov, Chair of the PPCD parliamentary faction, Chişinău, 5 April 2006.
82. Stepaniuc, Stalitatea Poporului Moldovenesc.
83. Ibid., 459–61.
84. Author's interviews in Chişinău, April 2006.
85. “Istoricii se adresează preşedintelui Voronin,” Jurnal de Chişinău, 4 April 2006, 8.
86. E.g. Anderson, “Democratic Citizenship, History Education …”
87. Press Release: “The Moldova Project and the Controversies about the New History Textbooks in the Republic of Moldova,” Georg-Eckert-Institut für Internationale Schulbuchforschung, 15 December, 2006, <www.gei.de/english/aktuelles/PressMoldova.pdf> (accessed 10 January 2007).
88. Socor, “Regional Impact of Moldova's Elections.”
89. Quoted in Boţan, “Fifth Congress of the Party of Communists.”
90. “RASSM şi statalitatea noastră,” Jurnal de Chişinău, 15 October 2004, <http://jurnal.md> (accessed 20 March Citation2005).
91. Berg and van Meurs, “Borders and Orders in Europe,” 67.
92. Vachudova, Europe Undivided.
93. Fredo Arias-King, “2003 Annual Survey on Moldova: An Almost Decisive Year,” Transitions Online, 15 April 2004, <www.tol.cz> (accessed 20 March Citation2005).
94. Author's interview with Mark Tkaciuk, Chişinău, 17 April 2006.
95. “Vladimir Voronin: Sanctiunile aplicate de Rusia sînt preţul suveranitatii si independenţei,” <http://www.conflict.md/stiri.php?ID = 941> (accessed 3 January 2007).
96. May 2005 survey by Gallup and the International Republican Institute, <http://www.euobserver.com> (accessed 30 May 2005).
97. <http://www.statistica.md/recensamint.php?lt = ro> (accessed 5 July 2006).
98. Dan Dungaciu, “Republica Moldova in 2004: bilanţ şi perspective (geo) politice,” <www.geopolitica.ro/rp/r02.html> (accessed 3 January 2007).
99. For example, 81% of Romano-Moldovans identified themselves primarily or secondarily as “Moldovan,” 57% as “Moldovan citizens,” 32% as “local inhabitants,” and 14% as “Romanian.” See Etnobarometru Republica Moldova: Raport de cercetare-studiu-Delphi, available from the Institute of Public Policy website, <www.ipp.md> (accessed 3 January 2007).
100. “Vystuplenie predstavitelya respubliki Moldovy Alekseya Tulbure na zasedaniya komiteta ministrov soveta Evropy,” Vremya, 15 October, 2003, <www.vremea.net> (accessed 22 October 2003).
101. Thanks to Irina Severin for this point.
102. Alexandru Canţîr, “Traian Băsescu: Nemulţumiri în relaţia cu Moldova,” available from the BBC Romanian website, <www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2006/06/060623_> basescu_moldova_relatiie.shtml > (accessed 10 July 2007).
103. For instance, in late 2006, Voronin denied that relations with Romania were “warm,” whilst the pro-communist publication “Puls” (www.puls.md) has become increasingly critical of Romania since the early summer of 2006.
104. Socor, “Regional Impact of Moldova's Elections.”
105. King, “Marking Time,” 64.