The “Imperial Minority”: An Interpretative Framework of the Russians in Kazakhstan in the 1990s

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Notes

1. Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed.

2. Laruelle and Peyrouse, Les Russes du Kazakhstan, 93–147.

3. Kosmarskaya, “Deti imperii” v postsovetskoi Tsentral'noi Azii.

4. See Shlapentokh et al., The New Russian Diaspora; Kolstoe, Russians in the Former Soviet Republics; Laitin, Identity in Formation.

5. Poppe and Hagendoom, “Types of Identifications among Russians in the Near Abroad”; and idem, “Titular Identifications of Russians in Former Soviet Republics.”

6. Rybakovskii, “Migratsionnyi obmen naseleniem mezhdu Tsentral'noi Aziei i Rossiei,” 92.

7. See Allworth, Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance.

8. Suzhikov, Mezhnatsional'nye otnosheniya v Kazakhstane, 139.

9. Klimova, “Tendentsii migratsionnykh protsessov v respublike Kazakhstan (sociologicheskii aspekt),” 206.

10. Zajonchkovskaya, “Migratsionnye trendy v SNG,” 181–82.

11. Laruelle and Peyrouse, Les Russes du Kazakhstan, 85–91.

12. The Cossacks and Russkaya Obshchina have only small, irregularly published journals (Kazak stepnoi and Russkoe slovo, respectively) that are not concurrent with Lad. Despite their disagreements on certain political issues, the journal Lad is considered the principal publication for Russian associations in Kazakhstan.

13. Kurganskaya and Dunaev, Kazakhstanskaya model' etnicheskoi integratsii, 234.

14. Savarèse, L'Invention des Pieds-Noirs.

15. Lad, no. 7–8 (1998), 2.

16. Ibid.

17. Lad, no. 3 (1997), 2.

18. Spring festivals, actually pre-dating Islam, can be found in all Central Asian states, but also among other Turkic and Iranian peoples.

19. Lad, no. 7 (1994), 3.

20. Thus in Chymkent, the municipal government funded the construction of a mosque, named after the city. But in the same city, the construction of another mosque by a Saudi millionaire raised concerns among the authorities, who took possession of it in spite of the legal separation of Church and state. Genotsid, 143.

21. Ibid., 169.

22. Ibid.

23. Lad, no. 10 (2000), 3; Lad, no. 4 (1998), 5.

24. Lad, no. 1 (2000), 1.

25. Lad, no. 3 (2003), 3.

26. Genotsid, 169.

27. Tillet, The Great Friendship.

28. Genotsid, 392.

29. Supruniuk, Maternyi marshrut ili po kom tiur'ma plachet?, 47.

30. Lad, no. 1–2 (1999), 1.

31. Lad, no. 3–4 (2000), 1; Genotsid, 343. In 1995/1996, Kazakh nationalists attempted to lead campaigns—only in Kazakh—in the media in order to discredit the meaning of World War II for Kazakhstan. They believed that the country had never been really threatened by the Nazi armies and that the Kazakhs had been forced to take part in the war under pressure from Russia.

32. Lad, no. 11 (1995), 4.

33. Lad, no. 9–10 (1998), 2.

34. Lad, no. 9 (1997), 7.

35. Lad, no. 5 (1995), 1.

36. Lad, no. 5 (1995), 1.

37. Lad, no. 11 (1996), 3.

38. Suny, Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation; Shnirelman, Who Gets the Past?

39. Genotsid, 19.

40. P. A. Stolypin (1862–1911), a conservative statesman, was appointed as minister of the interior and prime minister by Nicholas II in 1906. He established the goal of setting up major agrarian reforms in Russia in order to develop the country but also to neutralize the revolutionary tendencies of the peasantry by transforming it into a class of small landowners. His reforms gave more freedom to the peasants in the choice of their representatives in the zemstvo (but not in the Duma), the right to become landowners and leave their village communes. Stolypin thus hoped to induce the peasant masses to settle in Siberia but also in the Kazakh steppes, which were open to agrarian settlement.

41. Lad, no. 4 (1995), 4.

42. The State onomastic commission was founded by the decree of the Council of Ministers as early as 20 April 1990.

43. Kurganskaya and Dunaev, Kazakhstanskaya model' etnicheskoi integratsii, 233.

44. The same problem happened with the statue of Pushkin in Dzhalal-Abad (Kyrgyzstan). Lad, no. 2 (1996), 8.

45. Lad, no. 11 (1999), 10.

46. Lad, no. 10 (1997), 2.

47. Savin and Alekseenko, “Problemy emigratsii v yuzhnom Kazakhstane.”

48. Lad, no. 3 (1998), 2.

49. Lad, no. 9–10 (1997), 8.

50. A piece of information obtained at the Russkaya Obshchina in Almaty, May 2003.

51. Laruelle and Peyrouse, “Russkie na Altae”; Commercio, “The ‘Pugachev Rebellion’ in the Context of Post-Soviet Kazakh Nationalization.”

52. Lad, no. 5 (1996), 3.

53. Lad, no. 12 (1998), 1.

54. Savoskul, Russkie v novogo zarubezh'ia, 362.

55. Analiticheskii otchet o sotsiologicheskom issledovanii “Politicheskie vzglyady naseleniya Kazakhstana,” 40.

56. Lad, no. 12 (1996), 4.

57. Lad, no. 11 (1997), 12.

58. Lad, no. 12 (1999), 3.

59. Lad, no. 6 (1997), 2.

60. Soyuznaya gazeta, no. 4 (2000), 4.

61. Soyuznaya gazeta, no. 5 (2002), 7.

62. Russkoe slovo, no. 2 (1997), 1.

63. Lad, no. 3–4 (2000), 13.

64. Lad, no. 4 (2003), 9.

65. Russkoe slovo, no. 1 (1999), 7.

66. Russkoe slovo, no. 1 (1997), 10.

67. Lad, no. 11 (1999), 7.

68. Kazak stepnoi, journal of the Cossacks of Kazakhstan Association, no. 1 (2002), 2.

69. Kazakhskaya pravda, no. 12 (1999), 4–5.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sébastien Peyrouse

Sébastien Peyrouse, non-resident fellow at the Central Asia Caucasus Institute, SAIS, John Hopkins University, Washington DC, USA. [email protected]