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Notes
1. Some Western authors argue that the mass emigration of Jews from Ukraine in the late 1980s and in the 1990s was the result of widespread anti-Semitism in Ukraine, without providing any real evidence of this other than statements of Soviet asylum-seekers in the West. The main reason for this mass exodus appears to have been economic rather than ethnic or political. The evidence for this explanation is the emigration of several thousand ethnic Ukrainians to Israel as members of mixed Jewish–Ukrainian families.
2. Naulko, “Dynamika etnichnoho skladu naselennia Ukrainy,” 47.
3. Yevtukh, Ethnosociologiia, 252–53.
4. On Caucasian minorities in Ukraine see Momryk, “Kavkazskiie diaspory v Ukraine,” 139–47.
5. Ukraina v tsyfrakh u 2003 rotsi, 306–07.
6. Yevtukh, Ethnosociologiia, 253.
7. Ibid.
8. 2004 EU Accession, 223.
9. See, for instance, Shul'ha, Velikoie pereselenie; Ruble, “Kyiv's Troeshchyna,” 139–54.
10. Ruble, “Kyiv's Troeshchyna,” 139.
11. Мomryk, “Еtnodemografichna kharakterystyka Ukrainy na mezhi tysiacholit.”
12. There is an established opinion in Romania and Moldova that a separate Moldavian language does not exist. However, some Moldavians, especially in the so-called Dniester Republic (Pridnestrovie), disagree.
13. Arel and Khmelko, “The Russian Factor and Territorial Polarization in Ukraine.”
14. Wilson, Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s, 23.
15. On Donbass and the Crimea see Meyer, “Why Have Donbass Russians Not Ethnically Mobilized Like Crimean Russians Have?”
16. For instance, Chilachava, Mizhnatsional'ni vidnosyny i natsional'ni menshyny Ukrainy. Hennadiy Udovenko, in his article in this book, states that “Our legal acts are ahead of corresponding international organizations in terms of definitions of what ‘national minorities’ are. At the same time, we can see in the Framework Convention a rather too pragmatic approach to many key issues of minorities' rights, which does not take into account those ethnic, regional, historical and other specificities of particular states, Ukraine among them” (p. 137).
17. See, for instance, Mykola Ryabchuk's critique of Andrew Wilson in Ryabchuk, Vid Malorosiji do Ukrainy.
18. Yevtukh, Ethnosociologiia.
19. This text was prepared within the research project supported by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and published as a CD ROM Konzeptualni zasady etnonatsionalnoi polityky: mizh teorieiu i praktykoiu; it can also be found at ⟨www.ucipr.org.ua⟩.
20. Yevtukh, “Etnopolitychnyi renesans v Ukraini,” 8.
21. Araggioni, Formirovanie mezhetnicheskoi i mezhkonfessional'noi tolerantnosti v Krymu, 272.
22. Kononenko, Ukrainoznavstvo, 6.
23. Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, 79.
24. For one of the most pro-Western and liberal examples of such a position see Ryabchuk, Vid Malorosiji do Ukrainy. To Ryabchuk, Ukrainian nation building is not so much “incomplete” as “belated,” trailing behind Western and Central European nations.
25. Kuzio, “‘Nationalizing States’ or Nation-building?,” 135.
26. See, for instance, Arel, “The Temptation of the Nationalizing State,” 155–88.
27. Kuzio, “‘Nationalizing States’ or Nation-building?,” 139.
28. Wolczuk, “History, Europe and the ‘National Idea,’” 672.
29. Kulyk, “The Politics of Ethnicity in Post-Soviet Ukraine,” 197–221.
30. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe,” 19.
31. Ibid., 19–20.
32. Ryabchuk, Vid Malorosiji do Ukrainy, 290–93.
33. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory.”
34. Kymlicka and Opalski, Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported?, 1.
35. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory,” 15.
36. Yevtukh, Ethnosociologiia, 206–07.
37. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory.”
38. Yevtukh, Ethnosociologiia, 220.
39. Dragojević, “Culture of Peace and Management of Cultural Diversity,” 131–37.
40. Ibid., 137.
41. Ibid., 134.
42. Smirnov, “Problema obrazovaniia v multikulturnykh obshchestvakh,” 35.
43. Canadian Multiculturalism Act, preamble; see ⟨www.pch.gc.ca/multi/reports⟩.
44. This and other laws can be found at ⟨http://zakon.rada.gov.ua⟩.
45. “Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Opinion on Ukraine,” 66.
46. See, for instance, Hrytsenko, Bahatokul'turnist' I osvita.
47. Araggioni, Formirovanie mezhetnicheskoi i mezhkonfessional'noi tolerantnosti v Krymu, 272.
48. “Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.”
49. O'Sullivan et al., Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies.
50. The title of the Declaration suggests, first, that “national” and “ethnic” minorities are synonymous and, second, that the types of minorities whose rights should be protected include national/ethnic, religious and linguistic ones.
51. Set up on 1 February 1995, signed by Ukraine on 15 September 1998.
52. Quoted in Shul'ha, “Polityko-pravovi modeli zabezpechennia prav natsmenshyn,” 41.
53. Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, 62.
54. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory,” 23.
55. Ibid., 74–80.
56. Ibid., 76, 80.
57. Ibid., 82.
58. Ibid., 85.
59. Ibid., 86.
60. Yevtukh and Troshchynsky, “Etnonatsional'na struktura suchasnoho ukrains'koho suspil'stva,” 3–35.
61. Shul'ha, “Polityko-pravovi modeli,” 46.
62. The 2001 national census gives the much smaller figure of 8.3 million.
63. Shul'ha, “Polityko-pravovi modeli,” 46–47.
64. Ibid., 47–48.
65. Shevchenko, “Narody Korinni,” 79.
66. “Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention,” 164.
67. Shevchenko, “Narody Korinni,” 77–80.
68. Kymlicka, “Western Political Theory,” 79.
69. Ibid., 79–80.
70. Quoted in Chilachava, Mizhnatsional'ni vidnosyny i natsional'ni menshyny Ukrainy, 163.
71. “Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention,” 163.
72. Ibid., 171.
73. In March 2007, the Transcarpathian Oblast Council recognized Rusyns as a “separate nationality.”
74. “Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention,” 164.
75. Shul'ha, “Polityko-pravovi modeli,” 46.
76. Chilachava, Mizhnatsional'ni vidnosyny i natsional'ni menshyny Ukrainy, 160–67.
77. Quoted in ibid., 207.
78. “Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention,” 165.
79. Ibid., 166.
80. Ibid., 167.
81. “Tolerantnist' mizhetnichna,” in Ethnosociologiia, 174–75.
82. Panina, “Mizhnatsional'ni stosunky i natsional'na tolerantnist' v Ukraini,” 49.
83. See, for instance, Maiboroda, “Zalezhnist' mizhetnichnykh vidnosyn v Ukraini vid faktornoho vplyvu,” 242–63. To a great extent this study affirms Panina's earlier findings.
84. See the data in Maiboroda, “Zalezhnist' mizhetnichnykh vidnosyn v Ukraini vid faktornoho vplyvu,” 262–63.
85. Ruble, “Kyiv's Troeshchyna,” 145–46.
86. Chubarov, “The Review of Problems of Inequality and Discrimination in Ukraine,” 191–229.
87. Ibid., 198–99.
88. Ibid., 202.