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Notes
See Withmore, “State and Institution Building under Kuchma,” 3–11; Kuzio, Ukraine.
On the development of a Ukrainian nation see Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth Century Ukraine; Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, Subtelny, Ukraine.
Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation; Przeworski, Democracy and the Market.
Kuzio, “Nationalism in Ukraine,” 133–62; Shulman, “Ukrainian Nation-Building under Kuchma,” 32–47.
See, for instance, Barrington, “The Domestic and International Consequences of Citizenship in the Soviet Successor States,” 731–63; Kolsto, Political Construction Sites; Smith et al., Nation Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands.
Brubaker, “Nationalizing States in the Old ‘New Europe,’” 411–37.
The overlapping of citizens and inhabitants of Ukraine allows us to use the two words as quasi-synonymously, conversely from, for instance, Latvia where a large proportion of the Russian population is excluded from the polity.
The situation in relation to the Crimean Tatars can be considered an exception. See “Ukraine: Interview—61 Years after Deportations, Crimean Tatar Leader Still Seeking Justice,” RFE/L, 16 May 2005.
Janmaat, “Ethnic and Civic Conceptions of the Nation in Ukraine's History Textbooks,” 20–37; Kuzio, “National Identity and History Writing in Ukraine,” 407–27; Popson, “The Ukrainian History Textbooks,” 325–50; Rodgers, “Contestation and Negotiation,” 681–97; Wolczuk, “History, Europe and the ‘National Idea,’” 671–94.
Marples, “Stepan Bandera,” 555–66; see also Kuzio, Ukraine, Chap. 9.
Laitin, Identity in Formation.
Janmaat, Nation Building in Post-Soviet Ukraine.
Laitin, Identity in Formation.
Sovik, “Languages in a Ukrainian–Russian Borderland,” 195.
Ibid., 196.
Kuzio, “‘Nationalising States’ or Nation Building,” 135–54.
Barth, “Introduction,” 9–38.
The Ukrainian language is referred to as ridna mova, to which the English expression “native language” does not do justice in that ridna sounds as if something is coming from the past.
Arel and Khmelko, “The Russian Factor and Territorial Polarization in Ukraine,” 81–91.
Shevel, “Nationality in Ukraine,” 363–85; Arel Citation(2006).
Arel, “Language Politics in Independent Ukraine,” 597–621.
Bilaniuk, Contested Tongues; Seriot, “Diglossie, bilinguisme ou mélange de langues,” 37–52.
Barrington and Herron, “One Ukraine or Many?,” 53–86.
Barrington, “Examining Rival Theories of Demographic Influences on Political Support,” 455–91.
Wilson, “Elements of a Theory of Ukrainian Ethno-National Identities,” 31–54.
Seriot, “Diglossie, bilinguisme ou mélange de langues.”
Connor, “A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a …,” 377–97.
When spelling the two cities we have tried to respect the name under which most Ukrainians know the cities. Lviv thus has a Ukrainian spelling whereas Odessa has a Russian one.
Barth, Process and Form in Social Life, 133.
Polese, “Does Civic Nation Building Exist?”
Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed.
See, for instance, Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship.
Kuzio, “‘Nationalising States’ or Nation Building.”
Connor, “A Nation is a Nation.”
Smith's concept of a nation is more fluid, and sometimes compared to that of a state, than the one used by Walker Connor that is prevalently ethnic. That is why we will use the two definitions in opposition; for more details see Connor, “The Timelessness of Nations,” 35–47.
There is a crucial difference with ethnic entrepreneurs: nation building proposes some boundaries and expects people to adopt them; ethnic entrepreneurs identify the most popular boundaries and use them to gain people's support.
Schwandner-Sievers, “The Albanian Aromanians' Awakening.”
The Ministry of Education has established a school subject “ridna mova” that sounds like teaching the children their native language.
The language issue is perhaps the main topic in Ukrainian conversations; we refer here to the fact that it has had little political resonance, few parents complained about the massive conversion of Russian into Ukrainian schools, and even at a political level the promise made by former President Kuchma and then Prime Minister Yanukovich to elevate Russian to a state language has never turned into reality.
Kuzio, “Census.”
Polese, “Paradoxes of Young States in the Post-Soviet Space.”
Sovik, “Languages in a Ukrainian–Russian Borderland,” 222.
Connor, “The Timelessness of Nations”; see also Connor, Ethnonationalism.
Seton-Watson, Nation and States.
See part two in Connor, Ethnonationalism.
Renan, “What is a Nation?”
Connor, “The Timelessness of Nations.”
Satyendra, “What is a Nation?”
Siudut, “Pochodzenie wyznaniowo-narodowościowe ludności Małopolski Wschodniej i Lwowa wedle spisu ludności z 1931 r,” 271.
Subtelny, Ukraine.
Åberg, “Paradox of Change,” 285–302.
Siudut, “Pochodzenie wyznaniowo-narodowościowe ludności Małopolski Wschodniej i Lwowa wedle spisu ludności z 1931 r,” 271.
Drul, “Asymilatsiyni ta akulturaysiyni protsesy u Lwowi,” 182.
Brubaker, “Nationalising States in the Old New Europe—and the New” 1996.
Anderson, Imagined Communities.
Herlihy, Odessa.
Herlihy and Gubar, The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth.
Richardson, “Odessa, Ukraine.”
One of the questions was: “In a room you have a Russian and a Ukrainian; what kinds of questions would you want to ask to understand who the Russian is and who the Ukrainian is?” The quality of the answers slightly improved, passing from “I do not know, please ask another question” to a mumbling culminating in the spelling out of some subjective boundaries that had the advantage of preparing the informant for the following set of questions on “cultural property,” what is “ours” and what is “theirs.”
Polese, “The Fluidity of the Eurasian Borders.”
Billig, Banal Nationalism.
Polese, “Ethnic vs. Civic or Ethnic after Civic?”
Deutsch and Foltz, Nation-Building.
“Assimilated” is used here in Hobsbawn's meaning, when it was a good expression and what many people aspired to in order to be integrated into the middle class. See Hobsbawn, The Age of Empire 1875–1914.
Barth, “Introduction.”
Eriksen, “The Case for Non-ethnic Nations,” 49–62.
See parts one and two in Laitin, Identity in Formation.
Kuzio, “Census.”
Stebelsky, “Chomu Bilshe Ukrayintsiv i Menshe Rosiyan Vid 1989 do 2001 Perepysu Naselennia Ukrayiny?”
Khmelko, Lingvo-ethnichna struktura Ukrainy; Wilson, “Elements of a Theory.”
Polese, “Where Marx Meets Ekaterina (the Great)”; see also Rogers, “Contestation and Negotiation.”
Schwandner-Sievers, “The Albanian Aromanians' Awakening.”
Polese, “Ethnic vs. Civic or Ethnic after Civic?”