New N-(2-carboxybenzyl)chitosan composite scaffolds containing nanoTiO₂ or bioactive glass with enhanced cell proliferation for bone-tissue engineering applications

ABSTRACT

In the present study N-(2-carboxbenzyl)chitosan (CBCS) 3D macroporous hybrid scaffolds with interconnected pore system, containing 0.5, 2.5, and 5 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) and 2.5 wt% Bioglass 45S5 (BG) have been synthesized using freeze-drying technique. Compressive strength values verified that the modification of chitosan combined with the presence of inorganic fillers can attribute significant mechanical stiffness to the scaffold. The in vitro biomineralization test confirmed that all samples were bioinert as mineral deposits were detected with X-ray diffractometry after incubation in SBF. Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of all scaffolds were tested by using and Wharton’s jelly–derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cell line. Metabolic activity, proliferation, migration, and attachment to the scaffolds were examined. Cells appeared to attach around the superficial pores and migrate in them. Cells also maintained their morphology, proliferated, and migrated across the scaffolds and showed consistent and proved compatibility.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• N-(2-Carboxybenzyl)chitosan
• bioglass 45S5
• titania nanoparticles
• composites
• scaffolds
• cells
• biocompatibility