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Abstract
This paper investigates the relation between the almost Gorenstein properties for graded rings and for local rings. Once R is an almost Gorenstein graded ring, the localization RM of R at the graded maximal ideal M is almost Gorenstein as a local ring. The converse does not hold true in general ([Citation7, Theorems 2.7, 2.8], [Citation8, Example 8.8]). However, it does for one-dimensional graded domains with mild conditions, which we clarify in the present paper. We explore the defining ideals of almost Gorenstein numerical semigroup rings as well.
1 Introduction
An almost Gorenstein ring, which we focus on in the present paper, is one of the attempts to generalize Gorenstein rings. The motivation for this generalization comes from the strong desire to stratify Cohen-Macaulay rings, finding new and interesting classes which naturally include that of Gorenstein rings. The theory of almost Gorenstein rings was introduced by Barucci and Fröberg [Citation1] in the case where the local rings are analytically unramified and of dimension one, e.g., numerical semigroup rings over a field. In 2013, their work inspired Goto, the second author of this paper, and Phuong [Citation6] to extend the notion of almost Gorenstein rings for arbitrary one-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local rings. More precisely, a one-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local ring R is called almost Gorenstein if R admits a canonical ideal I of R such that , where
denotes the first Hilbert coefficients of R with respect to I and
is the Cohen-Macaulay type of R [Citation6, Definition 3.1]. Two years later, Goto, Takahashi, and the first author of this paper [Citation8] defined the almost Gorenstein graded/local rings of arbitrary dimension. Let
be a Cohen-Macaulay local ring. Then R is said to be an almost Gorenstein local ring if R admits a canonical module
and there exists an exact sequence
of R-modules such that
[Citation8, Definition 3.3]. Here,
(resp.
) denotes the number of elements in a minimal system of generators (resp. the multiplicity with respect to
). When
, if R is an almost Gorenstein local ring in the sense of [Citation8], then R is almost Gorenstein in the sense of [Citation6], and vice versa provided the field
is infinite [Citation8, Proposition 3.4]. However, the converse does not hold in general ([Citation8, Remark 3.5], see also [Citation6, Remark 2.10]). Similarly as in local rings, a Cohen-Macaulay graded ring
with k = R0 a local ring is called an almost Gorenstein graded ring if R admits a graded canonical module
and there exists an exact sequence
of graded R-modules with
[Citation8, Definition 8.1]. Here, M is the graded maximal ideal of R,
is the a-invariant of R, and
denotes the graded R-module whose underlying R-module is the same as that of
and whose grading is given by
for all
.
Every Gorenstein local/graded ring is almost Gorenstein. The definitions assert that once R is an almost Gorenstein local (resp. graded) ring, either R is a Gorenstein ring, or even though R is not a Gorenstein ring, the local (resp. graded) ring R is embedded into the module (resp. the graded module
) and the difference C behaves well. Moreover, if R is an almost Gorenstein graded ring, then the localization RM of R at M is an almost Gorenstein local ring, which readily follows from the definition. However, the converse does not hold true in general ([Citation7, Theorems 2.7, 2.8], [Citation8, Example 8.8]), even though it does for determinantal rings of generic, as well as symmetric, matrices over a field ([Citation2, Theorem 1.1], [Citation12, Theorem 1.1]).
In this paper we investigate the question of when the converse holds in one-dimensional rings. Throughout this paper, unless otherwise specified, let be a one-dimensional Noetherian
-graded integral domain admitting a graded canonical module
. We assume k = R0 is a field, and
and
for some
. Let M denote the graded maximal ideal of R.
With this notation this paper aims at proving the following result.
Theorem 1.1.
There exists a graded canonical ideal J of R containing a parameter ideal as a reduction, and the following conditions are equivalent.
R is an almost Gorenstein graded ring.
RM is an almost Gorenstein local ring in the sense of [Citation6, Definition 3.1].
RM is an almost Gorenstein local ring in the sense of [Citation8, Definition 3.3].
Theorem 1.1 guarantees the existence of a (graded) canonical ideal admitting a parameter ideal as a reduction; hence the proof of [Citation8, Proposition 3.4] shows that the conditions (2) and (3) are equivalent even though the field R/M is finite. As we mentioned, by the definition of almost Gorenstein local/graded rings we only need to verify the implication . What makes
interesting and difficult is that the implication is not true in general.
Let us now explain how this paper is organized. We prove Theorem 1.1 in Section 2 after preparing some auxiliaries. We also explore the explicit generators of defining ideals of almost Gorenstein numerical semigroup rings. Section 3 is devoted to providing examples illustrating Theorem 1.1.
2 Proof of Theorem 1.1
Let S be the set of nonzero homogeneous elements in R. The localization of R with respect to S is a simple graded ring, i.e., every non-zero homogeneous element is invertible, where t is a homogeneous element of degree 1 (remember that
and
) which is transcendental over k, and
is a field. Let
be the integral closure of R in its quotient field
.
We begin with the following, which has already appeared in [Citation3, Lemma 2.1]. Because it plays an important role in our argument, we include a brief proof for the sake of completeness.
Lemma 2.1.
The equality holds in
.
Proof.
As R is an integral domain, we obtain that is a graded ring and
[Citation13, p. 157]. Since the field k is Nagata, so is the finitely generated k-algebra R. Hence
is a module-finite extension of R. One can verify that
for all n < 0 and
; hence
for all n < 0,
is a field, and
. We set
. Since the local ring
of
at the maximal ideal N is a DVR, the ideal N is principal. Choose a homogeneous element
of degree q > 0 with
. Then
Besides, because is a simple graded ring and
, we have
. Thus
, so that K = L and q = 1. Consequently,
, as desired. □
We are ready to prove Theorem 1.1.
Proof of Theorem 1.1.
Since as a graded
-modules, we have an injective homomorphism
of graded R-modules. Choose
such that
. Set
and
. Then
as a graded R-module. By setting
and
, we then have
and
for all
. We now choose a non-zero homogeneous element
. Note that
and
. Therefore
This shows the equality holds where
. Here, we recall that
denotes the number of elements in a minimal system of generators. Hence, J is a graded canonical ideal of R which contains a parameter ideal (f) of R as a minimal reduction.
As for the equivalent conditions, we only need to show the implication .
We consider the exact sequence
of graded R-modules with
. Since
, we get MJ = Mf and hence
, i.e. C is an Ulrich R-module. Therefore R is an almost Gorenstein graded ring because
. This completes the proof. □
Let be the set of non-negative integers. A numerical semigroup is a non-empty subset H of
which is closed under addition, contains the zero element, and whose complement in
is finite. Every numerical semigroup H admits a finite minimal system of generators, i.e., there exist positive integers
with
such that
. For a field k, the ring
(or
) is called the numerical semigroup ring of H over k, where t denotes an indeterminate over k. Note that the ring
satisfies the assumption of Theorem 1.1. Let M be the graded maximal ideal of R. Since every non-zero ideal in numerical semigroup rings admits its minimal reduction, the two definitions for almost Gorenstein local rings [Citation6, Definition 3.1] and [Citation8, Definition 3.3] are equivalent. In addition, the local ring
is almost Gorenstein if and only if
is an almost Gorenstein local ring; equivalently, the semigroup H is almost symmetric ([Citation1, Proposition 29], [Citation10, Theorem 2.4]).
Hence we have the following, which recovers a result of Goto, Kien, Matsuoka, and Truong.
Corollary 2.2.
[Citation5, Proposition 2.3] A numerical semigroup ring is an almost Gorenstein local ring if and only if
is an almost Gorenstein graded ring, or equivalently, H is almost symmetric.
In the rest of this section, let be the numerical semigroup ring over k and
the conductor of H. We set . Then
, which is called the Frobenius number of H. Let
be the set of pseudo-Frobenius numbers of H. The graded canonical module has the form
whence
and
[Citation9, Example (2.1.9), Definition (3.1.4)]. Here,
denotes the Cohen-Macaulay type of R. We write
; hence
and
. For each
, we set
. Thus
.
Let be the weighted polynomial ring over the field k with
for all
. Consider the homomorphism
of graded k-algebras defined by
for all
.
Suppose R is almost Gorenstein, but not a Gorenstein ring. Then . Since
, we have
, where
is the graded maximal ideal of R. Hence,
for all
(see e.g., [Citation5, Proposition 2.3], [Citation6, Theorem 3.11], [Citation8, Definition 8.1], and [Citation10, Theorem 2.4]). We consider the graded S-linear map
defined by
for each
and
, where
denotes the standard basis of F. Set
. For each
and
, we have
. Choose a homogeneous element
of degree
such that
; hence
. Since
forms a part of minimal basis of L, we have
, where
. Let
. If m > 0, then we can choose homogeneous elements
such that
is a minimal basis of L. Hence
gives a minimal presentation of
, where G denotes a graded free S-module of rank q and the r × q matrix
has the following form
Note that and
(remember that
). We write
for some
. Then, because
, we have dj = 0. As yij has degree
, we may choose
With this notation we reach the following, where, for each denotes the ideal of S generated by the t × t minors of a matrix
.
Theorem 2.3.
Suppose that is almost Gorenstein, but not a Gorenstein ring. Then, for each
, the difference
is constant for every
, and the defining ideal of R has the following form
Remark 2.4.
For a higher dimensional semi-Gorenstein ring A, i.e., a special class of almost Gorenstein ring, the form of the defining ideals can be determined by the minimal free resolution of A [Citation8, Theorem 7.8]. Our contribution in Theorem 2.3 is that we succeeded in writing yij concretely in case of numerical semigroup rings.
Remark 2.5.
When the almost symmetric semigroup H is minimally generated by four elements, Eto provided an explicit minimal system of generators of defining ideals of the semigroup rings by using the notion of RF-matrices [Citation4, Section 5].
Example 2.6.
The semigroup ring for a numerical semigroup H described below is an almost Gorenstein graded ring, and its defining ideal
is given by the following form.
Let
. Then
and
Let
. Then
and
Let
. Then
and
The next provides an explicit minimal system of generators for defining ideals of when R has minimal multiplicity, i.e., the embedding dimension is equal to the multiplicity.
Corollary 2.7
(cf. [Citation8, Corollary 7.10]). Suppose that is almost Gorenstein, but not a Gorenstein ring. If R has minimal multiplicity, the defining ideal of R has the following form
Proof.
We maintain the notation as in this section. Since R has minimal multiplicity, by [Citation11, Theorem 1] , so that m = 0. □
3 Examples of Theorem 1.1
We close this paper by providing some examples. In this section, the almost Gorenstein property for local rings refers to the definition in the sense of [Citation8, Definition 3.3]. The first example indicates that Theorem 1.1 does not hold unless R is an integral domain.
Example 3.1.
[Citation8, Example 8.8] Let be the polynomial ring over a field k and set
. We regard U as a
-graded ring under the grading k = U0 and
. Let M be the graded maximal ideal of R. Then the following assertions hold true.
R, R/sR are not almost Gorenstein graded rings.
RM,
are almost Gorenstein local rings.
Proof.
Let be the polynomial ring over k. We consider S as a
-graded ring with k = S0,
, and
. Let
be the graded k-algebra map such that
, and
. By [Citation8, Example 8.8], R is not almost Gorenstein graded ring with
, but the local ring RM is almost Gorenstein.
The exact sequence of graded R-modules induces the isomorphism
. Note that
. If R/sR is an almost Gorenstein graded ring, we can choose an exact sequence
of graded R-modules such that . Write
with
. We consider
where
. Then
. As
, we get
, Hence the map
is injective [Citation8, Lemma 3.1], and s is a non-zerodivisor on C because
. Thus
. This makes a contradiction. As X is superficial for
with respect to the maximal ideal of S, by [Citation8, Theorem 3.7 (2)], we conclude that
is almost Gorenstein as a local ring. □
Remark 3.2.
We maintain the same notation as in Example 3.1. Let be the polynomial ring over k. Note that
. If we consider T as a
-graded ring under the grading k = T0,
, and
, as we have shown in Example 3.1 the ring V is not almost Gorenstein as a graded ring. Whereas, if we consider T as a
-graded ring with k = T0 and
, the T-module V has a graded minimal free resolution of the form
where
, and
. Taking
-dual, we get the resolution
of as a graded T-module. We then consider the homomorphism
of graded T-modules defined by
, where
. The isomorphisms
guarantee that
is injective and
where
. Thus V is an almost Gorenstein graded ring. Hence the almost Gorenstein property for graded rings depends on the choice of its gradings.
Example 3.3.
Let be the polynomial ring over a field k. We consider S as a
-graded ring under the grading k = S0,
, and
. Set
. Then R is not an almost Gorenstein graded ring, but the local ring RM is almost Gorenstein, where M denotes the graded maximal ideal of R.
Proof.
Let . Note that
. Thus R is a Cohen-Macaulay reduced ring with
. Note that
gives a graded minimal free resolution of R, where , and
. Hence we get the resolution of
below
This shows and
, where
. Hence, for each homomorphism
of graded S-modules with
, we see that
. Therefore
which implies the map
is not injective; see [Citation8, Lemma 3.1 (2)]. So R is not almost Gorenstein as a graded ring. On the flip side, the elementary row operation
and the equality
in the local ring SN where
guarantee that RM is an almost Gorenstein local ring by [Citation8, Theorem 7.8]. □
Example 3.3 shows Theorem 1.1 is no longer true even when R is reduced. As we show next, there is a counterexample of Theorem 1.1 in case of homogenous reduced rings as well.
Example 3.4.
Let be the polynomial ring over a field k. We consider S as a
-graded ring under the grading k = S0 and
. Set
, where
. Then R is not an almost Gorenstein graded ring, but the local ring RM is almost Gorenstein, where M denotes the graded maximal ideal of R.
Proof.
Note that I is an radical ideal of R and . Then the homogeneous ring R is Cohen-Macaulay, reduced, and of dimension one. Set
, and
. Since
forms a graded minimal free resolution of R, we get the resolution
of as a graded S-module. Thus
and
, where
. We have the elementary row operation
and the equality
in SN where
. Similarly as in the proof of Example 3.3, we conclude that R is not almost Gorenstein as a graded ring; while the local ring RM is almost Gorenstein. □
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References
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