Solid-state rearrangement of sandwich-type polyoxometalate-dopamine nanohybrid to the nanoflower Keggin polyoxometalate: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic efficiency

Abstract

Sponge-like inorganic-organic nanohybrid consisting of sandwich-type polyoxometalate of [P₂W₁₈Ce₃(H₂O)₂O₇₁]¹²⁻ (P₂W₁₈Ce₃) and dopamine (DA) was fabricated by a simple procedure. The DA/P₂W₁₈Ce₃ sponge-like nanohybrid is turned into a nanoflower by calcination at 300 °C. The results showed a structure rearrangement of sandwich-type polyoxometalate to the Keggin-type polyoxometalate along with this morphology change. The nanomaterials were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, texture analysis (BET), and X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD). The DA/P₂W₁₈Ce₃ sponge-like nanohybrid and the Keggin nanoflower showed efficiency toward degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). Moreover, the catalytic activity of the Keggin nanoflower was examined in the oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with H₂O₂ as oxidant in water at room temperature. The catalyst was reused at least four times without loss of its catalytic activity.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Polyoxometalates
• dopamine
• nanohybrid
• synthetic dyes
• oxidation of sulfides

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors would like to thank the University of Kurdistan Research Council for their support.