Preparation and characterization of Cu based on 5,5'-bistetrazole as a recyclable metal-organic framework and application in synthesis of diaryl ether by the Ullmann coupling reaction

Abstract

Cu based on 5,5′-bistetrazole ([Cu₂BT · 2H₂O]_n) as a recyclable metal-organic framework (MOF) heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, ¹³C NMR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, BJH, and ICP-AES analysis. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was probed through the Ullmann reaction for synthesis of diaryl ether derivatives from two component reactions of aromatic arylhalides and phenol derivatives in DMSO. Simple procedure, high yields, short reaction time, and environmentally benign methods are advantages of this protocol. The catalyst was readily separated by simple filtration and reusable without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Ullmann reaction
• MOF
• catalyst
• 5,5′-bistetrazole
• [Cu₂BT · 2H₂O]n

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the Research Council of the Malek-Ashtar University of Technology in Iran.