Green synthesis, characterization and thermophysical properties of diverse molar Ag decorated GO hybrid nanofluids

Abstract

The present work critically analyses the thermal characteristics of diverse molar (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 M) Ag decorated GO hybrid nanofluids at constant 0.05 wt.%. The study broadly encompassed the synthesis, characterization, stability, thermophysical properties, reactivity, and contact angle measurements on copper substrates using varied molar Ag-GO hybrid nanofluids. The thermal impact of these hybrid nanofluids was evaluated across a temperature range of 293–333 K, encompassing thermal conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, surface tension, and density. The results illustrate that increasing the molarity of Ag over GO significantly influenced the thermal properties of the hybrid nanofluids. Notably, the most substantial improvements in thermal conductivity are observed at 333 K, reaching 30.12, 22.63, and 17.13% for 0.09, 0.06, and 0.03 M Ag-GO, respectively, compared to the base fluid. Furthermore, central composite design approach (CCD) was employed to establish correlations between the experimental and predicted thermal conductivity enhancement ratio (K-ratio) results. In conclusion, these studies underscore a promising insight that the optimizing of Ag molarity in GO hybrid nanofluids holds substantial potential for enhancing heat transfer performance across diverse heat transfer applications.

Keywords:

• Central composite design approach
• characterization
• GO-Ag hybrid nanofluids
• molarity
• synthesis
• thermophysical properties

Acknowledgments

The authors felt sincere gratitude to Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education to perform the synthesis and characterization study. The authors also acknowledge NIT, Trichy, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore and SRM, Chennai for their support in determining the characterization and thermophysical properties.

Authors’ Contributions

M. Armstrong: Conceptualization, Methodology, Synthesis, Characterization, Investigation, Data Curation, Regression Analysis and Writing – Original Draft. M. Sivasubramanian: Supervision, Guidance and Proofreading of the Manuscript. N. Selvapalam: Guidance and Co-supervision in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Preparation of Hybrid Nanofluids. R. Pavitra: Assistance and support in the preparation of hybrid nanofluids.

Disclosure statement

The authors found no conflicting interests in the research work.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.

Additional information

Funding

There was no explicit financing for this study from any funding source in the public, private, or nonprofit sectors.