Disarmament Revisited: Is Nuclear Abolition Possible?

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Notes

¹Clifford J. Levy and Peter Baker, ‘U.S.–Russia nuclear agreement is first efforts in broader efforts’, New York Times, 6 July 2009, <www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/world/europe/07prexy.html?_r=1>; David E. Sanger, ‘Security Council adopts nuclear arms measure’, New York Times, 24 Sept. 2009, <www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/world/25prexy.html?_r=2&hp>.

²George Schultz, William Perry, Henry Kissinger and Sam Nunn, ‘A world without nuclear weapons’, Wall Street Journal, 4 Jan. 2007, A 15. More importantly, the G-8 heads of state and government at their July 2009 meeting in Italy stated: ‘We are all committed to seeking a safer world for all and to creating conditions for a world without nuclear weapons, in accordance with the goals of the NPT.’ L'Aquila Statement on Non-Proliferation, 8 July 2009, <www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2009laquila/2009-nonproliferation.html>.

³Alva Myrdal, The Game of Disarmament (New York: Pantheon Books 1982).

⁴See Jonathan Schell, The Abolition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1984).

⁵T.V. Paul, The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP 2009); Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo (Cambridge, UK: CUP 2007).

⁶Article VI, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (New York: United Nations 1968), <http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b788525 68770078d9c0/4cf7fb1d2f9d06dd852568770079dd97?OpenDocument>.

⁷Remarks by President Barack Obama, Prague, 5 April 2009, <http://prague.us embassy.gov/obama.html>.

⁸See Paul, Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons.

⁹On nuclear terrorism, see Charles D. Ferguson and William C. Potter, The Four Faces of Nuclear Proliferation (New York: Routledge 2005), 14–105; Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism (New York: Times Books 2004).

¹⁰See T.V. Paul, ‘Complex Deterrence: An Introduction’, in T.V. Paul, Patrick M. Morgan and James J. Wirtz (eds), Complex Deterrence: Strategy in the Global Age (University of Chicago Press 2009), 8.

¹¹T.V. Paul, ‘Great Equalizers or Agents of Chaos? Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Emerging International Order’, in T.V. Paul and John A. Hall (eds), International Order and the Future of World Politics (Cambridge: CUP 1999), Ch. 18.

¹²It is surprising that it took nearly two decades for the U.S. security planners to figure this out. The best opportunity for global nuclear disarmament would have been in the early 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended and a short window opened up when disarmament and non-proliferation were on the global agenda. The unipolar moment was fleeting, but the Washington pundits seemed to have thought of it lasting for a long time to come. If only nuclear disarmament was achieved at that time, perhaps America's unipolar position would have been maintained for a longer period through its overwhelming conventional superiority compared to peer-competitors.

¹³Timothy W. Crawford, ‘The Endurance of Extended Deterrence; Continuity, Change, and Complexity in Theory and Policy,’ in Paul, Morgan, Wirtz (eds), Complex Deterrence, Ch.12.

¹⁴Paul S. Kapur, Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP 2007).

¹⁵Paul, Complex Deterrence: An Introduction, 6. See also Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretative Sociology, Vol. I, (eds) Claus Wittich and Guenther Roth (Berkeley: University of California Press 1978), 24–5.

¹⁶See for instance, Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne (eds), ‘The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Brinksmanship in South Asia,’ (Washington DC, Henry L. Stimson Center), Report 38, June 2001.

¹⁷Dean Nelson, ‘Pakistan's nuclear base targeted by Al-Qaeda,’ Daily Telegraph, 11 Aug. 2009, <www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6011668/ Pakistans-nuclear-bases-targeted-by-al-Qaeda.html>.

¹⁸Bin Laden's group is reported to have succeeded in gaining nuclear materials from Pakistan and may have gained components for some form of a ‘dirty bomb’. Philip Webster and Roland Watson, ‘Bin Laden's nuclear threat’, The Times (London), 26 Oct. 2001.

¹⁹Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books 1984).

²⁰On the changes in Russian nuclear doctrine, see ‘ Appendix A: Russian Federation Military Doctrine,’ in Alexei Arbatov, ‘The Transformation of Russian Military Doctrine: Lessons Learned from Kosovo and Chechnya’, The Marshall Center Papers No.2, July 2000, <www.marshallcenter.org/site-graphic/lang-en/page-pubs-index-1/static/xdocs/coll/static/mcpapers/mc-paper_2-en.pdf>.

²¹On the changing British policy, see UK Government, Lifting Nuclear Shadow: Creating Conditions for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons (London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2009).

²²Bruno Tertrais, ‘France and the Nuclear Abolition: The Odd Country Out?’ (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), 3 Sept. 2009.

²³Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Expounds on China's Policy on Nuclear Disarmament at the Geneva Disarmament Conference, 12 Aug. 2009, <www.chinaembassy.org.in/eng/zgbd/t578645.htm>.

²⁴Tania Branigan, ‘North Korea willing to reenter nuclear disarmament talks,’ The Guardian, 18 Sept. 2009, <www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/18/north-korea-nuclear-disarmament-china>.

²⁵Amy F. Woolf, ‘Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues’, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, 15 Aug. 2003, <http://fas.org/spp/starwars/crs/IB98038.pdf>.

²⁶Quinlan, Thinking about Nuclear Weapons, 158–61.

²⁷Wittner, Confronting the Bomb, Chs.8 and 9.

²⁸Cortright and Väyrynen, Towards Nuclear Zero, 146. For a similar position, see also, David Holloway, ‘Further Reductions in Nuclear Weapons,’ in George P. Shultz, Steven Andreasson, Sidney D. Drell, James E. Goodby (eds), Reykjavik Revisited: Steps Toward a World Free of Nuclear Weapons (Stanford, CA: Hoover Press 2008), 1–45.

²⁹Mueller, Atomic Obession, Chs. 12–15.

³⁰Perkovich and Acton, Abolishing Nuclear Weapons. A Debate, 117–125.