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ABSTRACT
The second revision of the Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine (NJOD) is an example of how a small state within the NATO framework presents a national ambition of conducting joint operations. Even if NATO doctrine is the cornerstone for the application of military force in Norway, there are some unique conditions and ambitions that Norway has chosen to put into its own doctrine. With the revision, Norway has institutionalized and formalized the doctrine process based upon the experience from earlier efforts and the NATO procedures. It has established a process that ensures a continuous doctrine cycle with few resources and can easily draw on more resources in a project-based development if need be. The process is discussed on the basis of the official minutes from the relevant meetings. This gives a unique insight in the process, and the challenges and solutions a small nation meets in creating national doctrines.
Acknowledgements
The authors first and foremost thank the Commandant of the Norwegian Defence and Staff College who wholeheartedly supported the Doctrine Conference and the work on this special issue. We will also thank our co-editor Magnus Petersson for managing to keep us on track from the Western shores of the North Atlantic, and the colleagues at the Norwegian Defence University College, especially Kjell Inge Bjerga, for the research of the development of the NJOD until the 2007 edition, especially the development of the framework that we used in this article.
Notes
1 The Norwegian Armed Forces, Forsvarets fellesoperative doktrine [Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine], (Oslo: The Defence Staff 2014). This doctrine will be referred as NJOD 2014.
2 Norwegian High Command, Forsvarets fellesoperative doktrine Del A: Grunnlag, Del B: Operasjoner [The Armed Forces’ Joint Operational Doctrine, Part A: Fundamentals, Part B: Operations] (Oslo: Forsvarets overkommando 2000). This doctrine will be referred as FFOD 2000 part A, and FFOD 2000 part B.
3 Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Operational Doctrine (Oslo: The Defence Staff 2007). This doctrine will be referred as NJOD 2007.
4 Harald Høiback, Understanding Military Doctrine – A Multidisciplinary Approach (Oxford: Routledge 2013).
5 A doctrine institution can be like UK Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre, while Australia has outsourced production of several doctrines, described in Aaron P. Jackson, Military-Strategic Doctrine Development in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, 1987–2007 (Trenton: Canadian Forces Aerospace Warfare Centre Production Section, 2013).
6 Halvor Johansen, The Rise and Decline of the Operational Level of War in Norway (Oslo: The Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2009), 13–34.
7 Gullow Gjeseth, Landforsvarets krigsplaner under den kalde krigen [The War Plans of the Land Forces during the Cold War] (Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 2011) 296–319; Jacob Børresen, Gullow Gjeseth and Rolf Tamnes, Norsk forsvarshistorie. Bind 5. 1970–2000 [Norwegian Defence History. Vol. 5. 1970–2000] (Bergen: Eide, 2004), 46–84.
8 Kjell Inge Bjerga and Torunn Laugen Haaland, ‘Development of Military Doctrine: The Particular Case of Small States’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 33/4 (August 2010), 510–12; The Norwegian High Command, Forsvarssjefens grunnsyn for utvikling og bruk av norske militære styrker i fred, krise og krig [The Chief of Defence’s Fundamental Views on the Development and Use of Norwegian Forces in Times of Peace, Crisis and War] (Oslo: Norwegian High Command, 1995).
9 Bjerga and Haaland (2010), 512; FFOD 2000 part A, 47–63.
10 FFOD 2000 part B, 17–19, 93–125.
11 Torgeir E. Sæverås and Kjetil Henriksen, Et militært universalmiddel? Amerikansk ‘Maneuver Warfare’ og norsk doktrineutvikling [A Military Universal Mean? American ‘Maneuver Warfare’ and Norwegian Doctrinal Development] (Oslo: The Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2007), 85–107.
12 Ibid., 108–149.
13 Torgeir E. Sæverås, ‘Effects-Based Operations: Origins, Implementation in US Military Doctrine, and Practical Usage’, Arent Arntzen and Tor Olav Grøtan, ‘A New Chance for Network Centric Warfare in the Context of Modernity’, both in Karl Erik Haug and Ole Jørgen Maaø (eds.), Conceptualising Modern War (London: Hurst, 2011). See also the previous chapter in this volume by Antulio Echevarria.
14 NJOD 2007, 60–63.
15 NJOD 2007, 67–100.
16 NJOD 2007, 157–63.
17 Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College: Referat Doktrineworkshop 5 nov 2010 [Protocol of the Doctrine Workshop 5 November 2010] (Oslo: Forsvarets høgskole 2010).
18 Ine Eriksen Søreide, NATO Back in Europe – a Return of Geography?, Speech at the Military Power Seminar 20 November 2014, https://www.regjeringen.no (homepage), accessed 18 June 2015.
19 Jonathan H. Vance, ‘Tactics without Strategy or Why the Canadian Forces Do Not Campaign’ in Allan English, Daniel Gosselin, Howard Coombs and Laurence M. Hickey, The Operational Art: Canadian Perspectives: Context and Concepts (Kingston, Ontario: Canadian Defense Academy Press, 2005), 273.
20 Hew Strachan, ‘Making Strategy: Civil-Military Relations after Iraq’ Survival vol. 48/3 (Autumn 2006), 63.
21 J. Boone Bartholomees, ‘Theory of Victory’, Parameters (Summer 2008), 28.
22 Justin Kelly and Mike Brennan, Alien: How Operational Art Devoured Strategy (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2009).
23 Kelly and Brennan, Alien, 67.
24 US Army, TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-0 The Army Capstone Concept (Fort Eustis, VA, Department of the Army: 21 December 2009, US Army, TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-0 The Army Capstone Concept (Fort Eustis, VA: Department of the Army, Citation2012).
25 NJOD 2007, 105.
26 NJOD 2014, 58–65.
27 NJOD 2014, 7–10.
28 Georgii S. Isserson, ‘The Evolution of Operational Art’, in Harold S. Orenstein (ed), The Evolution of Soviet Operational Art, 1927–91: The Documentary Basis. – Vol. 1: Operational Art, 1927–64 (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 49.
29 Johansen, The Rise and Decline of the Operational Level of War in Norway, 13–21.
30 Norwegian Chief of Defence, Grunnsyn på ledelse i Forsvaret [Fundamental view on leadership in the Armed Forces] (Oslo: The Norwegian Defence Staff, 2012).
31 NJOD 2014, 166.
32 NJOD 2014, 165.
33 NJOD 2014, 167 (authors translation).
34 Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 101.
35 NJOD 2014, 169–70.
36 NJOD 2014, 171–76.
37 NJOD 2007, 105.
38 Hartikainen, Glenn, Från Projekt till Processs? Försvarsmaktens doktrinutveckling i går, i dag, i morgon [From Project to Process? The Doctrine Development of the Swedish Armed Forces] (Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan, 2008)
39 Kjell Inge Bjerga, Militær tenking mellom teori og praksis [Military thinking in between theory and praxis] In Tormod Heier (ed) Nytt landskap – nytt forsvar [New Landscape – New Defence] (Oslo: Abstrakt 2011).
40 Kjell Inge Bjerga, Militær tenking mellom teori og praksis. Bjerga also describes the challenges and rewards by the four different ways of organization.
41 Bjerga and Haaland, ‘Development of Military Doctrine’ (2010).
42 Bjerga and Haaland, ‘Development of Military Doctrine’ (2010).
43 DIF: Management unit in Armed Forces [Driftsenhet i forsvaret].
44 Bjerga and Haaland, ‘Development of Military Doctrine’ (2010).
45 The Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Referat Doktrineworkshop 5 nov 2010.
46 The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Konstituerende Forsvarets doktrineråd 19 des jan 2011 [Constituting Norwegian Armed Forces Doctrine Council] (Oslo: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Citation2011).
47 The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Konstituerende Forsvarets doktrineråd 19 des jan 2011.
48 Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Høringsutkast – Instruks for Forsvarets doktrineråd og Mandat for arbeidsprosess Forsvarets Fellesoperative doktrine (FFOD 2013) [Hearing – Regulations for Norwegian Armed Forces Doctrine Council and Mandate for the working process for the Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine 2013] (Oslo: The Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Citation2012).
49 Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Instruks for Forsvarets doktrineråd og Mandat for arbeidsprosess Forsvarets Fellesoperative doktrine (FFOD 2013) [Regulations for Norwegian Armed Forces Doctrine Council and Mandate for the working process for the Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine 2013] (Oslo: The Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Citation2012).
50 Norwegian: Kjernegruppe.
51 See next paras for description of Reference group and Doctrine board.
52 Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Mandate for the Working Process for the Norwegian Joint Doctrine (2012).
53 Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Referat fra doktrinerådsmøtet 5. Sep 2012 [Minutes from Doctrine Council meeting 5 September 2012] (Oslo: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, 2012).
54 The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Referat fra doktrinerådsmøtet 6. mai 2013 [Minutes from Doctrine Council meeting 6 May 2013] (Oslo: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, 2013).
55 The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Referat fra doktrinerådsmøtet 11. mar 2014 [Minutes from Doctrine Council meeting 11 March 2014] (Oslo: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence, 2014).
56 Hartikainen, Från Projekt till Process?
57 NJOD 2014, 9–10, 58–65, 172–76.