477
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Strategy, Fleet Logistics, and the Lethbridge Mission to the Pacific and Indian Oceans 1943–1944

Pages 951-981 | Published online: 05 Dec 2008
 

Abstract

In modern warfare at and from the sea, logistics are crucially important to the implementation of strategy and conduct of operational campaigns. Between August 1943 and March 1944, a British joint service mission led by Major-General John Lethbridge travelled to North America, the Pacific, and India to study the organisation, equipment, and methods necessary for coming offensive operations against Japan. The British obtained valuable information from the Americans and connected with those countries of the British Empire most directly involved. The Lethbridge Mission's progress and findings informed evolving Admiralty planning for supporting naval forces to be sent to the Indian and Pacific Oceans in pursuance of British wartime strategy.

Acknowledgements

Research for this article was made possible through funds from Canada's Department of National Defence and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. An earlier version was presented as a paper on a panel at the Society for Military History Annual Conference at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas on 20 May 2006. Randy Papadopoulos, Craig Stone, and Ken Hansen made helpful suggestions and Cathy Murphy, Chief Librarian at the Canadian Forces College, added essential microform publications and books to the Information Resource Centre's growing research collections in military history and defence studies. Material is used with permission from the trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives.

Notes

1Henry E. Eccles, Logistics in the National Defense (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole 1959), 59.

2 Naval Logistics, NDP 4 (Washington DC: Dept. of the Navy 1995), 4.

3Duncan Ballantine, US Naval Logistics in the Second World War (Princeton UP 1947). Worrall Carter, Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil: The Story of Fleet Logistics Afloat in the Pacific during World War II (Washington DC: GPO 1953).

4Martin van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton[1977] (New York: Cambridge UP 2004); Ian Malcolm Brown, British Logistics on the Western Front: 1914–1919 (Westport, CT: Praeger 1998); John A. Lynn (ed.), Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); Russell A. Hart, ‘Feeding Mars: The Role of Logistics in the German Defeat in Normandy, 1944’, War in History 3/4 (1996), 41835; T. Murray Hunter, ‘Strategy and Logistics: Allied Allocation of Assault Shipping in the Second World War’, Canadian Historical Association Papers (1971), 30013.

5Kevin Smith, Conflict over Convoys: Anglo-American Logistics Diplomacy in the Second World War (New York: Cambridge UP 1996); Kevin Smith, ‘Logistics Diplomacy at Casablanca: The Anglo-American Failure to Integrate Shipping and Military Strategy’, Diplomacy & Statecraft 2/3 (1991), 22652; Sarandis Papadopoulos, ‘Feeding the Sharks: The Logistics of Undersea Warfare, 19351945’, PhD dissertation George Washington Univ. 1999; Timothy Lang Francis, ‘Poseidon's Tribute: Maritime Vulnerability, Industrial Mobilization and the Allied Defeat of the U-Boats, 1939–1945’, PhD Dissertation Univ. of Maryland 2001; Kenneth P. Hansen, ‘Fuel, Endurance, and Replenishment at Sea in the Royal Canadian Navy, 1935–1945’, MA thesis, Royal Military College of Canada 2004.

6Jon Tetsuro Sumida, ‘British Naval Operational Logistics, 1914–1918’, Journal of Military History 57/3 (1993), 479; William N. Still Jr, ‘Anglo-American Naval Logistic Cooperation in World War I’, American Neptune 55/3 (1995), 213–22.

7Herbert Richmond, Sea Power in the Modern World (London: G. Bell 1934), 51–4; John Creswell, Naval Warfare (London: Sampson Low, Marston 1936), 291–3.

8Andrew Field, Royal Navy Strategy in the Far East 1919–1939: Preparing for War Against Japan (London: Frank Cass 2004), 537.

9Thomas Wildenberg, Gray Steel and Black Oil: Fast Tankers and Replenishment at Sea in the US Navy (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1996).

10John Ehrman, Grand Strategy Vol. 5, August 1943–September 1944 (London: HMSO 1956), 1015.

11Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy 1943–1945 (Washington DC: Office of the Chief of Military History US Army 1968), 3967.

12H.P. Willmott, Grave of a Dozen Schemes: British Naval Planning and the War Against Japan, 1943–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1996); Christopher Baxter, ‘In Pursuit of a Pacific Strategy: British Planning for the Defeat of Japan, 194345’, Diplomacy & Statecraft 15/2 (2004), 2567; Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (Oxford: OUP 1978), 41114.

13Mark Jacobsen, ‘Winston Churchill and the Third Front’, Journal of Strategic Studies 14/3 (Sept. 1991), 337–47.

14[Kew, United Kingdom, The National Archives], ADM[iralty] 1/14820, Letter, H.N. Morrison to Rear-Adm. F.H.W. Goolden, 28 July 1943.

15ADM 1/14812, Military Branch Acquaint Serial No. 1881, 14 July 1943.

16ADM 1/14818, Staff minute, Director of Plans, 13 July 1943.

17ADM1/14837, Message, Admiralty to British Admiralty Delegation, 20 2141A Jan. 1944.

18[London, King's College University of London, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives], Maj.-Gen. John Sydney Lethbridge Papers, Box 1 File ‘Lethbridge 220 Lethbridge Mission 1943–44 Official photos, letters home, related publications’, Letter, John Lethbridge to wife, 11 Aug. 1943.

19[Newport, Naval War College Archives], Adm. Ernest Joseph King papers, Ms. 37 Box 5 File 16, Letter, Adm. Ernest King to Adm. Charles Little, 23 Aug. 1943.

20Chief of Naval Operations, ‘Aspects of Logistics Planning’, No. 18 US Naval Administrative Histories of World War II (Wilmington, DEL: Scholarly Resources 1991), 50–1.

21[Greenwich, National Maritime Museum], Vice Adm. J.W.S. Dorling papers, JOD/185/2, Diary, 2 July 1943.

22ADM 1/13169, Staff minute, Captain C.C. Hughes-Hallett, 12 July 1943.

23ADM 1/14205, Office Memorandum No. 31 ‘Reorganisation of Plans Division’, 14 Dec. 1943.

24Chris Madsen, ‘Limits of Generosity and Trust: The Naval Side of the Combined Munitions Assignment Board, 1942–1945’, War & Society 21/2 (2003), 86–7.

25ADM 1/13172, Memorandum, Cdr B.V. Wilson to Rear Adm. Goolden, ‘Analysis of Pacific Naval War Problem’, 16 Sept. 1943.

26ADM 1/14826, Message, Commander-in-Chief Eastern Fleet to Adm.ty 04 1136Z Aug. 1943. Merill Bartlett and Robert William Love Jr, ‘Anglo-American Diplomacy and the British Pacific Fleet 1942–1945’, American Neptune 42/3 (1982), 207.

27[Washington DC, Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division], Adm. Ernest Joseph King Papers, Container 26 File ‘West Coast logistics organization, 1944’, Memorandum, Capt. P.E. Pihl to Chief of Naval Operations ‘West Coast Logistic Organization – Report on’, 27 Sept. 1944.

28ADM 116/4906, Report of proceedings No.3, Adm. F.H.W. Goolden to Secretary Admiralty, 5 Oct. 1943.

29ADM 199/924, No. 220 Military Mission Final Report, Vol. 1, 7.

30W[ar] O[ffice] 106/3365, Letter, Maj.-Gen. R.H. Dewing to Maj.-Gen. J.N. Kennedy ‘Interview with General MacArthur November 2nd, 1943’, 3 Nov. 1943.

32[NMM], MS 88/009, Capt. L.S. Saunders memoirs ‘His Coats of Navy Blue’, nd. Philip Ziegler (ed.), Personal Diary of Admiral The Lord Louis Mountbatten Supreme Allied Commander, South-East Asia, 1943–1946 (London: Collins 1988), 1667.

31WO 203/4993, Letter, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck to Adm. Louis Mountbatten, 7 Oct. 1943. John Connell, Auchinleck (London: Cassell 1959), 768.

33WO 203/5233, Letter, Adm. James Somerville to Adm. Louis Mountbatten, 13 Nov. 1943. Michael Simpson (ed.), The Somerville Papers (London: Scholar Press for the Navy Records Society 1995), 4857.

34[NMM], Adm. Geoffrey Audley Miles Papers, MLS/13/6, Diary, 28 Jan. 1944.

35CAB[inet] 127/24, Memorandum, Prime Minister to First Sea Lord, 21 Nov. 1943.

36Arthur J. Marder, Mark Jacobsen, and John Horsfield, Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, Vol. 2 The Pacific War, 1942–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990), 137.

37ADM 1/13051, Memorandum, Military Branch II ‘The Use of the Middle East as a Base for South East Asia Command’, 22 Nov. 1943.

38Maj.-Gen. S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan, Vol.3 (London: HMSO 1961), Ch.2.

39[Lambeth North, Imperial War Museum], 79/13/1, Lt-Cdr John Whitburn Bailey ‘A Cavalier Midshipman’, 2.

40[College Park, National Archives and Records Administration], RG 38 entry 270 Box 9, Dept. of the Navy, Manual of Advanced Base Development and Maintenance, OpNav 30–11-A1 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office 1943).

41ADM 1/15605, ‘Notes of a Meeting held by D. of P(Q) for Liaison Officers at 45 Bank Block IV on Wednesday 15th December [1943] at 1500 to Promulgate Sextant Decisions’.

42Initial British estimates called for provision of 7 naval store-issuing ships, 4 air store-issuing ships, 12 store carriers, and 100 small tankers given ‘the probability that the storing of the Fleet at advanced bases east of Ceylon may be necessary in 1944.’ ADM 1/15390, Staff minute, Director of Stores, 24 Sept. 1943.

43ADM 1/15409, Capt. L.D. Mackintosh to Secretary Admiralty ‘HMS Victorious– Report on Fuelling at Sea with USS Cimarron and Kaskaskia in the Coral Sea, July 1943’, 3 Aug. 1943.

44ADM 116/4906, No. 220 Military Mission Final Report, Vol.1, 33.

45M[inistry of War] T[ransport] 40/94, Message, British Admiralty Delegation to Admiralty, 10 0553Z Oct. 1943.

46ADM 116/5448, Letter, A.V. Alexander to Lord Leathers, 3 Nov. 1943.

47[NMM], Dorling Papers, JOD 185/2, Diary, 30 Dec. 1944.

48ADM 1/16287, Letter, Adm. Ernest King to Adm. Percy Noble, 22 Jan. 1944.

49[NMM], Dorling Papers, JOD 185/2, Diary, 21 Jan. 1944.

50ADM 116/5347, ‘Report of ACNS (A)'s Mission to Washington – June 1943’.

51ADM 199/924, No. 220 Military Mission Final Report, Vol.2, 81.

52David Hobbs, ‘Naval Aviation, 1930–2000,’ Richard Harding (ed.), The Royal Navy, 19302000: Innovation and Defence (London: Frank Cass 2005), 79.

53ADM 1/16463, Memorandum, Rear-Adm. A.W. La T. Bisset ‘Escort Carrier Force Instructions’, 25 Dec. 1943.

54ADM 1/16344, Message, British Admiralty Delegation to Admiralty, 05 2001Z July 1944.

55L.E.H. Maund, Assault from the Sea (London: Methuen 1949), 285.

56ADM 1/16276, Minutes meeting ‘Organisation of the Command of the Eastern Fleet’, 26 Nov. 1943. [NMM], Miles Papers, MLS/13/5, Diary, 29 Dec. 1943.

57ADM 199/924, No. 220 Military Mission Final Report, Vol.2, 94–5.

58ADM 116/5448, Draft paper ‘Production of LST in UK and Canada’.

59WO 106/5031, (Lethbridge Mission) Combined Operations Second Interim Report, 10 Dec. 1943.

60Mary Ellen Condon-Rall, ‘Allied Cooperation in Malaria Prevention and Control: The World War II Southwest Pacific Experience’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 46/4 (1991), 493. Robert J.T. Joy, ‘Malaria in American Troops in the South and Southwest Pacific in World War II’, Medical History 43/2 (1999), 192–207.

61ADM 1/13298, S.F. Dudley, Medical Director-General, ‘Memorandum on a Medical Policy which would increase health and effective man-power and possibly economise in shipping during Naval operations in Eastern Waters’, Sept. 1943.

62Leo B. Slater, ‘Malaria Chemotherapy and the “Kaleidoscopic” Organization of Biomedical Research during World War II’, Ambix 51/2 (2004), 116–17.

63ADM 116/4906, Draft report, Surg.-Capt. Fitzroy-Williams, nd.

64Mark Harrison, ‘Medicine and the Culture of Command: The Case of Malaria Control in the British Army during the two World Wars’, Medical History 40/4 (1996), 438.

65ADM1/14084, Memorandum, Medical Director-General to 2nd Sea Lord, 8 Nov. 1943. Unfortunately, a leading authority on malaria in the Royal Navy, Surg. Lt.-Cdr Merrill, his wife, a practically trained entomologist, and baby were lost on the way to setting up a Royal Navy school for malaria control and hygiene in Colombo when their ship was sunk by enemy action. ADM 1/16734, Report, ‘Training in Malaria Control and Tropical Hygiene’, 6 Oct. 1944.

66D.J.E. Collins, The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, in Bisheshwar Prasad (gen. ed.), Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War (Agra: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section India & Pakistan 1964), 255–8.

67ADM 1/16279, Staff minute, Head Military Branch II, 30 March 1944.

68John Gooch, ‘The Politics of Strategy: Great Britain, Australia and the War against Japan, 1939–1945’, War in History 10/4 (2003), 444–5.

69ADM 116/4906, Letter, Maj.-Gen. J.S. Lethbridge to Assistant Chief Imperial Staff, 3 Nov. 1943.

70[NMM], Miles Papers, MLS/13/6, Diary, 18 Jan. 1944.

71[Ottawa, Directorate of History and Heritage National Defence Headquarters], Fonds 81/520 File 1650–1 ‘Policy and Plans’, ‘Report of Visit to UK of Captain W.B. Creery, RCN 24 November–6 December 1943’, 12 Dec. 1943.

72[LHC], Lethbridge Papers, Box 1 File ‘Lethbridge 220 Lethbridge Mission 1943–44 Official photos, letters home, related publications’, Letter, John Lethbridge to wife, 23 Feb. 1944.

73[LHC], Lethbridge papers, Box 2, Letter, Lachlan MacLean to editor The Times, 21 Sept. 1961.

74David A. Day, ‘Promise and Performance: Britain's Pacific Pledge, 1943–5’, War & Society 4/2 (1986), 78.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 329.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.