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Abstract
The paper explores the institutional and social processes through which river and hydropower landscapes have emerged in Spanish water policy. It examines the relation between different types of policies and attitudes towards landscape, energy, water, environment and land use in the production of Spanish landscapes. The article presents examples at both national and regional levels to explain that the institutional emergence of the river landscape in Spain has been closely related to the democratization and decentralization of Spanish politics and water policy and to the increasing prominence of environmental concerns.
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Acknowledgements
This paper is part of the research project ‘The Landscape Policies in Spain: Landscapes, Water Problems and Sustainable Development’, which has been funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain (Program Ramon and Cajal). I am grateful to Maarten Wolsink, Dan van der Horst and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. My sincere thanks go to Alain Nadaï, whose comments have helped me to improve the presentation and arguments. All remaining errors are my own.
Notes
1. By application of EC Directive 85/337/EEC, through National Legislative Decrees (1302/1986 and 1131/1988) and by Law 6/2001 and 9/2006 on EIA.
2. These lobbies included the road, canal and port engineers, the main agricultural organizations, the building companies, the power supply companies and the public bodies responsible for water management.
3. Each Board was named after the river basin for which it was responsible and its powers often flowed over various provincial boundaries. They had certain political status with participation from the state, banks, chambers of commerce, provincial authorities etc., and operated with functional and statutory autonomy.
4. Law for Land-use Planning and Landscape Protection of the Valencia Autonomous Region (4/2004), Law for Landscape Protection, Management and Planning of the Catalonia Autonomous Region (8/2005), Decree for the Landscape Regulation of the Valencia Autonomous Region (120/2006) and Law for Landscape Protection of the Galicia Autonomous Region (7/2008).
5. All of Spain's River Boards have inventories of their water industrial heritage (patrimonio hidraúlico) on their web sites.
6. See Louzao (Citation1999), Soto (Citation1995) and FEG, Federación Ecologista Galega (2000).
7. The ELC's approach to landscape as a place constituted by changeable cultural perceptions and identities was explored by Kenneth Olwig (Citation2007).