Using classification and NDVI differencing methods for monitoring sparse vegetation coverage: a case study of saltcedar in Nevada, USA

Abstract

A change detection experiment for an invasive species, saltcedar, near Lovelock, Nevada, was conducted with multidate Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral datasets. Classification and NDVI differencing change detection methods were tested. In the classification strategy, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on single‐date CASI imagery separately in the visible bands and NIR bands. Then the first five PCs from the visible bands and the first five PCs from the NIR bands were used to classify six to eight cover types with a maximum likelihood classifier. A complete matrix of change information and change/no‐change maps were produced by overlaying two single‐date classification maps. In the NDVI differencing strategy, a linear regression model was developed between two Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images to normalize the index differences caused by factors not related to land cover change. Then the actual time 2 NDVI image was subtracted by the predicted time 2 NDVI image to obtain the differencing image. The NDVI differencing image was further processed with a new threshold method into change/no‐change of saltcedar. By testing the single‐date classification results and validating the change/no‐change results, both change detection results indicated that CASI hyperspectral data have the potential to map and monitor the change of saltcedar. However, the accuracy assessment and change/no‐change validation results (overall accuracy 91.56% and kappa value 0.618 for the classification method against corresponding values of 93.04% and 0.684 for the NDVI differencing method) indicate that the NDVI differencing method outperformed the classification method in this particular study. In addition, use of the new method of determining thresholds for differentiating change pixels from no‐change pixels from the NDVI differencing image improved the change detection accuracy compared to a traditional method (kappa value increased from 0.813 to 0.888 from a test sample). Therefore, according to the criteria of higher accuracy of change/no‐change maps and fewer spectral bands, the NDVI differencing method is recommended for use if a suitable spectral normalization between multi‐temporal images can be carried out before performing image differencing.

Acknowledgements

We thank USDA for providing us with CASI imagery and five anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and valuable suggestions to improve this manuscript.