Use of UK-DMC 2 and ALOS PALSAR for studying the age of oil palm trees in southern peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

This article demonstrates some techniques for studying the age of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using the Disaster Monitoring Constellation 2 from the UK (UK-DMC 2) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite phased array L-band synthetic aperture radar (ALOS PALSAR) remote-sensing data at a private oil palm estate in southern peninsular Malaysia. Several techniques were explored with UK-DMC 2 data, namely (1) radiance, vegetation indices, and fraction of shadow; (2) texture measurement; (3) classifications, namely Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) classification, maximum-likelihood classification (MLC), and random forest (RF) classification; (4) in terms of ALOS PALSAR data, the correlation of polarizations (i.e. horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (termed HH polarization) and horizontal transmitting and vertical receiving (termed HV polarization)) and the ratio of these polarizations to the age of oil palm trees. From the results, band 1 (near-infrared) of UK-DMC 2, fraction of shadow, and mean filter from the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) demonstrated strong correlation of determination (R ² = 0.76–0.80) with the age of oil palm trees, while the ALOS PALSAR HH polarization could correlate moderately strongly (R ² = 0.49) with the age of oil palm trees. Adding fraction of shadow and UK-DMC 2 data using the RF method further improved the overall accuracy of age classification from 45.3% (MLC method) to 52.9%. This study concluded that texture measurement (GLCM mean) and fraction of shadow are useful for studying the age of oil palm trees, although discriminating variation in age between mature oil palm trees is difficult because the leaf area index development of mature oil palm trees stabilizes at about 10 years of age. Future studies should involve height information, because this has the potential to be used as one of the most important variables for studying the age of oil palm trees.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded for the first author by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) research grants (votes no: Q.J130000.2527.03H23 and Q.J130000.2527.04H96), the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE), and the UTM Zamalah Scholarship. The authors acknowledge (1) DMC International Imaging Ltd for providing UK-DMC 2 data, (2) the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) for providing the ASF MapReady 3.0 open source software, (3) the R project for providing the R open source software, (4) the American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, for providing the R script for running the RF classification technique, and (5) the French National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) for providing the CAN-EYE open source software. The authors are grateful to the private oil palm plantation in Johor, Malaysia, for granting permission to conduct field work on the estate, and also wish to thank Mr Chuen Siang Kang, Mr Wei Chuang Chew, and Ms Hui Qi Lim for assisting in the field work. Finally, we wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions for improving the article.

Notes

1 C₃plants use ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCo) to fix CO₂ and produce 3-phosphoglycerate, which is a 3-carbon compound (Furbank and Taylor 1995).