Increased chlorophyll-a concentration in the South China Sea caused by occasional sea surface temperature fronts at peripheries of eddies

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the processes of occasional sea surface temperature (SST) fronts and their impacts on chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a) in the South China Sea (SCS), based on satellite remote sensing and in situ observations in 2009–2013. The SST fronts were detected by an entropy-based edge detection algorithm method from satellite-derived SST images with a 0.011° grid size. Three offshore SST front case studies (S1, S2 and S3) at the peripheries of eddies in the northern SCS were studied. In case S1 in September 2013, two SST fronts were detected with gradient magnitudes (GMs) greater than 0.06°C km^–1 in the cyclonic eddy and 0.08°C km^–1 in the periphery waters, and the fronts only existed for one and two days, respectively. After three and seven days, the high chl-a was found in the strong SST front waters which were about 51 and 54% higher than the concentration in the surrounding waters. The depth of the maximum chl-a elevated from the subsurface (50 m) to the surface. In case S2 in August 2013, two SST fronts were detected at the periphery of an anti-cyclonic eddy with GM stronger than 0.06°C km^–1 and only existed for one day. After two days, the chl-a in the SST front waters was about 40% higher than the levels in the surrounding waters. In case S3 in June 2009, the GM of the eddy-feature SST front was stronger than 0.12°C km^–1 and existed for three days, which was generated by tropical cyclone Linfa. The chl-a in the eddy-feature phytoplankton bloom was 6 times higher than in the surrounding waters. The results show that, in general, occasional offshore SST fronts at peripheries of eddies have stronger influence on surface chl-a, comparing to those seasonal coastal and permanent offshore SST fronts, via ‘Wind Pump’ effects.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by Key Project of the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC 41430968), Group Project of High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Program Guangdong, China (GDJ20154400004), Project of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing and NRSCS-EAS Dragon Program 4 (ID 10689) award to DanLing Tang. Muhsan Ali Kalhoro was supported by China Science and Technology Exchange Center, Ministry of Science and Technology for awarding Talented Young Scientist Award (PAK-16-021). The authors thank the South China Sea Research Cruise, R/V Shiyan 3 in 2013.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [NSFC 41430968]; NRSCS-EAS Dragon Program 4 [ID 10689]; Project of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing; Group Project of High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Program Guangdong, China [GDJ20154400004]; China Science and Technology Exchange Center, Ministry of Science and Technology for awarding Talented Young Scientist Award [PAK-16-021].