Surface chlorophyll-a variations in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean during various types of the positive Indian Ocean Dipole events

ABSTRACT

Surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) variation in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) shows different patterns in response to the various types of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. Thirteen years of remotely sensed surface chl-a data from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to evaluate interannual surface chl-a variation in the SETIO. During the period of analysis (January 2003-December 2015), there were three canonical positive IOD (pIOD) and four pIOD Modoki events. It is found that the spatial patterns of surface chl-a variation were coherent with the pattern of surface wind anomaly, and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA). During canonical pIOD events, high chl-a concentrations were observed in the vicinity of the Sunda Strait and along the coast of western tip of the Java Island around the Cilacap region. Meanwhile, during pIOD Modoki event, surface chl-a concentration was relatively higher and distributed wider than those observed during canonical pIOD event. The analysis shows that relatively weak upwelling event indicated by a deep isothermal layer depth (ILD) during pIOD Modoki events combined with thin barrier layer thickness (BLT) and deep mixed layer provides a favourable condition for an increase in surface chl-a in the SETIO region. Meanwhile, strong upwelling as indicated by shallow ILD combined with thick BLT and shallow mixed layer prevents surface chl-a to increase during canonical pIOD events.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, the Ocean Ecology Laboratory and Ocean Biology Processing Group for providing MODIS Aqua data. The first author acknowledges the funding from the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia through the PMDSU Scholarships and Enhancing International Publication (EIP) 2018 Program. The last author is supported by the University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia through the Penelitian Unggulan Profesi 2019. Part of this study is supported by the Asia Pacific Network (APN) for Global Change Research through a research project for the Climate Adaptation Framework (CAF2016-RR06-CMYSiswanto).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.