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Notes
1 A Sen, ‘From income inequality to economic inequality’, Southern Economic Journal, 64 (2), 1997, pp 384 – 401; Sen, Inequality Re-examined, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992; and T Persson & G Tabellini, ‘Is inequality harmful for growth?’, American Economic Review, 84 (3), 1994, pp 600 – 621.
2 Both the International Studies Association (2001) and the American Political Science Association (2003) have devoted annual conventions to the theme of inequality. The Journal of Economic Inequality was launched by Springer in 2003. In 2005 a new international Society for the Study of Economic Inequality was founded at a conference in Mallorca, Spain.
3 R Dahrendorf, ‘On the origin of social inequality’, in P Laslett & WG Runciman (eds), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Oxford: Blackwell, 1969, pp 88 – 109.
4 D Ray, Development Economics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998, p 70.
5 See G Firebaugh, The New Geography of Global Income Inequality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003; and G Firebaugh & B Goesling, ‘Accounting for the recent decline in global income inequality’, American Journal of Sociology, 110 (2), 2004, pp 283 – 312 for spirited defences of why population-weighted between-country comparisons are more appropriate than un-weighted ones.
6 These summary measures of inequality are well explained by ‘tutorials’ on the University of Texas Inequality Project website, at http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/.
7 See Firebaugh, The New Geography of Income Inequality, for example.
8 See, for example, B Barry, ‘International society from a cosmopolitan perspective’, in D Mapel & T Nardin (eds), International Society: Diverse Ethical Perspectives, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998, pp 144 – 163; C Jones, Global Justice: Defending Cosmopolitanism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999; and L Wenar, ‘The legitimacy of peoples’, in P de Greiff & C Cronin (eds), Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization, Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2002, pp 53 – 76.
9 A partial exception is Kok-Chor Tan, Justice without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Patriotism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
10 K Deininger & L Squire, ‘Measuring income inequality: a new data base’, World Bank Economic Review, 10 (3), 1996, pp 565 – 591; K Deininger & L Squire, ‘New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth’, Journal of Development Economics, 57, 1998, pp 259 – 287.
11 J Galbraith & H Kum, ‘Estimating the inequality of household income: a statistical approach to the creation of a dense and consistent data set’, Review of Income and Wealth, 51 (1), 2005, pp 115 – 143.
12 F Bourguignon & C Morrisson, ‘Inequality among world citizens: 1820 – 1992’, American Economic Review, 92 (4), 2002, pp 727 – 744.
13 The study by Bourguignon and Morrisson is based on time series data on within- and between-country inequality for a group of 33 country groups. The groupings are based on criteria of homogeneity and historical consistency, while significant countries in terms of population size and economic output (USA, China, India, etc) are considered individually. There are six regional blocs of country groups. Coverage of the developing world is quite good: sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, is represented by four groups, and there are groups for Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America (Middle East and North Africa is not included).
14 See, for example, S Chen & M Ravallion, ‘How did the world's poorest fare in the 1990s?’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No 2409, August 2000, at http://www.worldbank.org/research/povmonitor/method.htm; M Gugerty & C Timmer, ‘Growth, inequality, and poverty alleviation: implications for development assistance’, Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II Discussion Paper No 50, 1999, Harvard Institute for International Development, December, at http://www.cid.harvard.edu/caer2/htm/content/papers/confpubs/paper50/paper50.pdf; N Birdsall, ‘Why inequality matters: some economic issues’, Ethics and International Affairs, 15 (2), 2001, pp 3 – 28; R Kanbur, ‘Income distribution and development’, in A Atkinson & F Bourguignon (eds), Handbook on Income Distribution, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2000, pp 791 – 841; P Nel, ‘Income inequality, economic growth, and political instability in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41 (4), 2003, pp 611 – 639; and Nel, ‘Democratisation and the dynamics of income distribution in low and middle-income countries’, Politikon, 32 (1), 2005, pp 17 – 43.
15 W Easterly, ‘Inequality does cause underdevelopment: new evidence’, Center for Global Development Working Paper No 1, June 2002, at http://www.cgdev.org/wp/cgd_wp001_rev.pdf.
16 P Justino, J Litchfield & L Whitehead, ‘The impact of inequality in Latin America’, Poverty Research Unit at Sussex Working Paper No 21, 2003, pp 64 – 65, at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/PRU.
17 Parts of this literature is well summarised by E Thorbecke & C Charumilind, ‘Economic inequality and its socioeconomic impact’, World Development, 30 (9), 2002, pp 1477 – 1495.
18 See also Easterly, ‘Inequality does cause underdevelopment’.
19 World Bank, World Development Report, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006, p 155.
20 T Pogge, ‘Priorities of global justice’, Metaphilosophy, 32 (1&2), 2001, pp 6 – 24.
21 See, among others, Wenar, ‘The legitimacy of peoples’; M Blake, ‘Distributive justice, state coercion, and autonomy’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 30 (3), 2001, pp 257 – 296; and T Nagel, ‘The problem of global justice’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 33 (2), 2005, pp 113 – 147.
22 T Nagel, ‘The problem of global justice’.
23 R Goodin, ‘Globalizing justice’, in D Held et al, Taming Globalization, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000, pp 68 – 92.
24 World Bank, Attacking Poverty—World Development Report 2000 – 2001, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001, p 35. See also T Addison & G Cornia, ‘Income distribution policies for faster poverty reduction’, unu-wider Discussion Paper No 2001/93, 2001.
25 H Dagdeviren, R van der Hoeven & J Weeks, ‘Redistribution matters: growth for poverty reduction’, ilo Employment Paper 2001/10, Geneva: International Labour Office, 2001.
26 N Rudra, ‘Globalization and the decline of the welfare state in less-developed countries’, International Organization, 56 (2), 2002, pp 411 – 445. See also S Bowles, ‘Globalization and redistribution: feasible egalitarianism in a competitive world’, Working Paper No 34, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2000, at http://www.umass.edu/peri/pdfs/WP34.pdf.
27 Bowles, ‘Globalisation and redistribution’. See also F Bourguignon, ‘Can redistribution accelerate growth and development?’, unpublished paper prepared for the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics/Europe, Paris 26 – 28 June 2000, at http://www.worldbank.org/research/abcde/eu_2000/papers_eu2.html.