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Abstract
Third World citizens have the unique difficulty of attempting to self-define as a community independent of colonial Orientalism. This paper explores the emergence of Third World Orientalism, where the people of underdeveloped states are themselves the perpetrators. It critiques scholars’ description of Third World interactions, which simultaneously dismiss the impact of intra-orientalist prejudices as non-existent, unimportant or benign. The use of Paz’s exploration of Indian identity illustrates how the benefit of being even a nuanced, cosmopolitan intellectual was also an alienating weakness in trying to conceive what it meant to be a member of the developing world. Using Paz as a prism, Indians became subject not only to evolving historical circumstances, but also the personal evolution of individuals who studied them. The instability created by these fluctuations made identity inherently paradoxical. Paz creatively conciliated these paradoxes by ultimately embracing them.
Notes
1. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
2. Earle, “Octavio Paz y España,” 28.
3. Upadhyaya, “Our Direction,” 2806.
4. Montoya Ramírez, Octavio Paz, 100.
5. Paz, “La Revolución Mexicana.”
6. Sheridan, “Octavio Paz en Yucatán.”
7. King, Orientalism and Religion, 88.
8. Earle, “Octavio Paz y España,” 949.
9. Ibid., 951.
10. Sheridan, “Octavio Paz en Yucatán.”
11. King, “Octavio Paz.”
12. Bareiro-Saguier, “Octavio Paz y Francia,” 256.
13. Hayashiya, “Recuerdos de Octavio Paz,” 85.
14. Paz, “Octavio Paz.”
15. Ibid.
16. Hayashiya, “Recuerdos de Octavo Paz,” 85–88.
17. King, “Octavio Paz.”
18. Paz, “Octavio Paz.”
19. Ibid.
20. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
21. Ibid.
22. Paz, In Light of India, 121.
23. King, “Orientalism,” 163.
24. Ayoob, “Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations,” 47.
25. Ruggie, “Territoriality and Beyond,” 174.
26. Said, Orientalism, 2–3.
27. Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance, 249.
28. Said, Orientalism, 151.
29. Ibid., 171.
30. Forbes and Michaels, “India is not Mexico,” 160.
31. De la Lama, “Los Estudios de la India,” 184.
32. Ibid., 185.
33. Paz, In Light of India, 12.
34. Ibid., 13.
35. Tablada, Poesía en movimiento, 24–25.
36. King, Orientalism and Religion, 86.
37. Civantos, Between Argentines and Arabs, 4.
38. Kushigian, “Ríos en la noche,” 785.
39. Ibid., 777.
40. Huggan, The Postcolonial Exotic, 24.
41. Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance, 1.
42. Hernández and Székely, “Macro Policies and Poverty in Mexico.”
43. Bhattacharya, “La presencia de la filosofía budista,” 266.
44. Huggan, The Postcolonial Exotic, 27.
45. Paz, “Un sueño de libertad,” 8.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., 7.
48. Paz, In Light of India, 80.
49. Cohn, “Representing Authority,” 169.
50. King, Orientalism and Religion, 94.
51. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 11.
52. Upadhyaya, “Our Direction,” 44.
53. Paz, In Light of India, 126.
54. Ibid., 80.
55. Ibid.
56. King, “Orientalism,” 153.
57. Nandy, Counter-statement on Humanistic Temper, 17.
58. Nanda, Prophets facing Backward, 213.
59. Tharoor, India, 128.
60. Datta, Heterogeneities, 106.
61. Thursby, Hindu–Muslim Relations, 1.
62. Varshney, Contested Meanings, 228.
63. Dhar, “Bengal Renaissance,” 26.
64. King, “Orientalism,” 158.
65. Datta, Heterogeneities, 110–113.
66. King, Orientalism and Religion, 87.
67. Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance, 275.
68. Paz, Memorias y Palabras, 271.
69. Paz, In Light of India, 28.
70. Paz, “Poet in the Marketplace,” A7.
71. Huggan, The Postcolonial Exotic, 24.
72. Paz, In Light of India, 76.
73. Hayashiya, “Recuerdos de Octavio Paz,” 88.
74. Kushigian, “Ríos en la noche,” 784.
75. Paz, El arco y la lira, 75.
76. King, Orientalism and Religion, 93.
77. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
78. Paz, El laberinto de la soledad, 11.
79. Roy, “Capitalism.”
80. Guha-Thakurta, The Making of New ‘Indian’ Art, 118.
81. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
82. Kushigian, “Ríos en la noche,” 777.
83. Acheraïou, Rethinking Postcolonialism, 118.
84. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
85. Paz, “Poet in the Market Place.”
86. Paz, El laberinto de la soledad, 235.
87. Paz, Libertad bajo palabra, 240 (author’s translation).
88. Ibid.
89. Paz, “Nobel Lecture.”
90. Phillips, Octavio Paz, 211.
91. Bhattacharya, “La presencia de la filosofía budista,” 269.
92. Paz, In Light of India, 12.
93. Paz, El laberinto de la soledad, 2.
94. King, “Orientalism,” 149.
95. King, Orientalism and Religion, 84.
96. Ibid., 83–85.
97. Kushigian, “Ríos en la noche,” 779.
98. Rodríguez Ledesma, El pensamiento político de Octavio Paz, 4.
99. Paz, Los hijos del limo, 135.
100. Fine, “Development as Zombieconomics,” 886.
101. Rajagopal, Politics after Television, 37.
102. Lau, Re-orientalism, 81.
103. Gopalakrishnan, “Defining, Constructing and Policing a ‘New India’,” 2805.
104. Rajagopal, Politics after Television, 149.
105. Paz, “Poet in the Marketplace.”
106. Paz, Libertad bajo palabra, 247 (author’s translation).
107. Paz, Pasión Critica, 237.
108. Mina Aragón, “Octavio Paz y la democracia,” 158.
109. Tharoor, India, 277