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Abstract
This article argues that conflicts in Africa need to be understood in the context of local conceptions of justice, which differ from those of the liberal peace model. Justice in African society is based on the notion of reciprocity which, when practised, tends to lead to solutions that resemble prisoner dilemma games. Because agreements are more like truces than true peace agreements they are easily abandoned when the costs of adhering are higher. Bringing in these local conceptions are vital for peacebuilding in Africa but so is the need to reform them so that they become more sustainable.
Notes
1. Osaghae and Robinson, “Introduction.”
2. Williams, War and Conflict in Africa.
3. World Bank, World Development Report 2011, 3.
4. Ibid, 58.
5. Think Security Africa, Security in Africa 2013.
6. Nnoli, Ethnic Conflicts in Africa.
7. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect.
8. Henderson, Democracy and War.
9. Paris and Sisk, The Dilemmas of Statebuilding; and Englebert and Tull, “Post-conflict Reconstruction in Africa.”
10. Hopgood, The Endtimes.
11. Richmond, A Post Liberal Peace.
12. Mac Ginty, International Peacebuilding.
13. Tsing, Friction.
14. Kresse, Philosophising in Mombasa.
15. Barry, Justice as Impartiality.
16. Weber, Economy and Society.
17. Aapenguro, “Justice, Reconciliation and Peacebuilding”; and Wiredu, Cultural Universals and Particulars.
18. Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2007.
19. Klosterboer and Hartman-Mahmud, “Applying African Models.”
20. Barry, Justice as Impartiality, 51.
21. Reyntjens, Political Governance in Post-genocide Rwanda.
22. Radelet, Emerging Africa; and Mahajan, Africa Rising.
23. Lipset and Rokkan, Party Systems and Voter Alignments.
24. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena.
25. Kopytoff, The African Frontier.
26. Hyden, Beyond Ujamaa; and Hyden, No Shortcuts to Progress.
27. Emerson, “Power–Dependence Relations.”
28. Levitt, Illegal Peace in Africa.
29. Kelsall, “Going with the Grain.”
30. Bhabha, The Location of Culture.
31. ECDPM, “Factsheet.”
32. Berk and Galvan, “How People Experience.”
33. Ibid.
34. Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct, 40–42.
35. Lindblom, Inquiry and Change.
36. Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind.
37. Berk and Galvan, “How People Experience,” 555.
38. Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct, 79.
39. Scott, Weapons of the Weak.
40. Wachira et al., Stretching the Truth.
41. Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life.
42. Kumar and de la Haye, “Hybrid Peacemaking.”
43. Lambourne, “Post-conflict Peacebuilding.”
44. Ramirez, Transitional Justice.