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Abstract
This article identifies four contrasting global discourses of the green economy in contemporary usage: green resilience, green growth, green transformation and green revolution. These four discourses are manifested in recent green economy national strategies across the global South, including in Ethiopia, India, South Korea and Brazil. Disaggregating these discourses is politically important, and shows their different implications for broader political economies of the green state in the global South.
Acknowledgements
A version of this article was originally presented at the ‘Green Economy in the South’ conference, University of Dodoma, Tanzania, 8–10 July 2014. Many thanks to the journal editors and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Notes
1. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 16.
2. Brockington, “A Radically Conservative Vision?”; Goodman and Salleh, “The ‘Green Economy’”; Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism”; and Wanner, “The New ‘Passive Revolution’.”
3. Death, Governing Sustainable Development, 14.
4. Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer, 4; and Mol and Sonnenfeld, “Ecological Modernisation.”
5. Bäckstrand and Kronsell, Rethinking the Green State; Dryzek et al., Green States and Social Movements; and Eckersley, The Green State.
6. Death, “Green States in Africa.”
7. See https://greeneconomyinthesouth.wordpress.com/. Typical examples include Brockington et al., Nature Unbound; Büscher and Fletcher, “Accumulation by Conservation”; and Nelson, Community Rights.
8. Peet et al., Global Political Ecology.
9. For example, Resnick et al., The Political Economy of Green Growth.
10. Konings, “Renewing State Theory,” 174. See also Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State.
11. Death, “Green States in Africa.”
12. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 16.
13. Meadowcroft, “Greening the State?,” 69.
14. World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth, 2.
15. Pearce et al., Blueprint for a Green Economy.
16. Barbier, “The Policy Challenges,” 234.
17. Jessop, “Economic and Ecological Crises”; and Scoones et al., “The Politics of Green Transformations,” 1.
18. Stern, The Economics of Climate Change.
19. Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism.”
20. UNEP, Global Green New Deal, 1.
21. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 14.
22. Ibid., 15.
23. Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State; Scoones et al., “The Politics of Green Transformations”; and UNEP, Global Green New Deal.
24. Clapp and Dauvergne, Paths to a Green World; and Kim and Thurbon, “Developmental Environmentalism.”
25. Harman and Williams, “International Development in Transition.”
26. Mol and Buttel, “The Environmental State under Pressure,” 2.
27. Williams, “Rethinking the Developmental State.”
28. Dryzek et al., Green States and Social Movements; and Eckersley, The Green State. See also Death, “Green States in Africa.”
29. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States, 4.
30. Williams, “Rethinking the Developmental State,” 23.
31. See Death, Governing Sustainable Development, chap. 2.
32. Doty, Imperial Encounters; and Mitchell, Rule of Experts.
33. Doty, Imperial Encounters, 5–6.
34. Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, 54.
35. Death, Governing Sustainable Development.
36. Dryzek, The Politics of the Earth.
37. A fuller account of the methodology of this approach to discourses of government can be found in Death, Governing Sustainable Development, 20.
38. Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer; UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; UNEP, Global Green New Deal; UNEP, Towards a Green Economy; and World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth.
39. Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism.”
40. Ferguson, “The Green Economy Agenda,” 27. See also Bina, “The Green Economy”; and Scoones et al., “The Politics of Green Transformations,” 9.
41. This builds upon and extends the argument in Death, “The Green Economy in South Africa.”.
42. UNDP, Human Development Report 2011.
43. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 40.
44. World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth, 2.
45. World Bank, “World Bank Climate Change Strategy.”
46. Methmann and Oels, “Vulnerability.”
47. World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth.
48. UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, 5.
49. Ibid., 78.
50. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy, 1. See also Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer.
51. Lautze and Maxwell, “Why do Famines Persist?”
52. World Bank, “Ethiopia Economic Update.”
53. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy, 81.
54. Jones and Carabine, Exploring Political and Socio-economic Drivers.
55. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 20.
56. Petersen, “Developing Climate Adaptation.”
57. Ibid., 562; ILO, Sustainable Development, 66; and UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, 78.
58. Petersen, “Developing Climate Adaptation,” 575.
59. Ibid.
60. Adem, “The Local Politics”; and Lefort, “Free Market Economy.”
61. Brassett et al., “Introduction”; Jones and Carabine, Exploring Political and Socio-economic Drivers, 2; and Methmann and Oels, “Vulnerability,” 283–284.
62. World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth, 3.
63. Newell and Paterson, Climate Capitalism, chap. 4.
64. Büscher and Fletcher, “Accumulation by Conservation,” 11.
65. Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer, 3; and World Bank, Inclusive Green Growth, 2.
66. Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State, 1, 118. Emphasis in original.
67. Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer; and UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 3.
68. Lewis, Green Innovation in China.
69. UNEP, China’s Green Long March; and Weng et al., China’s Path to a Green Economy.
70. Death, “The Green Economy in South Africa.”
71. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 11.
72. Agrawal, Environmentality.
73. Resnick et al., “The Political Economy of Green Growth,” 222.
74. Dubash, “Toward Enabling and Inclusive Global Environmental Governance,” 50; and Gupta, “Why India’s Green Growth.”
75. Jaitley, “Budget Speech.”
76. Shiva, Making Peace with the Earth. See also UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, 2.
77. Agrawal, Environmentality, 226.
78. Carrington, “India will be Renewables Superpower.”
79. Dryzek, The Politics of the Earth, 147–151; and Death, Governing Sustainable Development.
80. UNEP, Global Green New Deal, 4.
81. Ibid; UNEP, Towards a Green Economy; and Williams, “Rethinking the Developmental State.”
82. Newell and Paterson, Climate Capitalism, 179; and UNCTAD, Economic Development in Africa.
83. Barbier, “Global Governance,” 3; and Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism,” 190.
84. ILO, Sustainable Development, xiv.
85. Death, “Green States in Africa.”
86. Barbier, “Global Governance”; Brockington, “A Radically Conservative Vision?”; Kim and Thurbon, “Developmental Environmentalism”; Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State, 121; and Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism.”
87. UNEP, “Korea’s Pathway.”
88. Barbier, “Global Governance,” 7.
89. UNEP, “Korea’s Pathway.”
90. OECD, “Green Growth in Action.”
91. See Green Growth Institute. Accessed January 26, 2015, http://gggi.org/about-gggi/background/organizational-overview/.
93. Green Growth Institute. Accessed January 26, 2015, http://gggi.org/about-gggi/background/organizational-overview/.
94. Kim and Thurbon, “Developmental Environmentalism.”
95. Tienhaara, “Varieties of Green Capitalism,” 5. See also Kim and Thurbon, “Developmental Environmentalism,” 231.
96. Swilling, “Reconceptualising Urbanism,” 88.
97. Feldman, “Green Growth.”
98. Benson et al., Green Economy Barometer, 5.
99. Bookchin, Toward an Ecological Society; and Schumacher, Small is Beautiful.
100. Dryzek, The Politics of the Earth, chaps. 9, 10; Goodman and Salleh, “The ‘Green Economy’”; and Shiva, Making Peace with the Earth.
101. Bina, “The Green Economy,” 1037; Clapp and Dauvergne, Paths to a Green World, 9–11; and Jessop, “Economic and Ecological Crises,” 23.
102. Goodman and Salleh, “The ‘Green Economy’”; and Stevenson, “Representing Green Radicalism.”
103. Happy Planet Index. Accessed January 26, 2015, http://www.happyplanetindex.org/data/;
Dual Citizen, Global Green Economy Index; and UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, 4.
104. Porras, “Costa Rica’s ‘Green Economy’.”
105. Fidler, “Bolivia leads Climate Change Fight.”
106. Martin and Scholz, “Ecuador’s Yasuní–ITT Initiative.”
107. UNEP, Towards a Green Economy, 15, 19. See also http://gggi.org/brazil-green-growth-planning/, accessed May 19, 2015.
108. Gaetani et al., “Brazil and the Green Economy.”
109. ILO, Sustainable Development.
110. Allan and Dauvergne, “The Global South.”
111. Steward et al., Towards a Green Food System.
112. Routledge and Cumbers, Global Justice Networks.
113. McMichael, “Peasants make their own History,” 210.
114. Kim and Thurbon, “Developmental Environmentalism,” 221; Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State; Meadowcroft, “Greening the State?”; and Williams, “Rethinking the Developmental State.”
115. UNEP, Global Green New Deal, 4.
116. UNCTAD, Economic Development in Africa, 86.
117. Eckersley, The Green State, 202.