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Abstract
This paper analyses the technologies of government that proponents of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism are adopting to influence forest governance in Indonesia. It analyses the aspects of forest governance being problematised; the solutions being constructed; and who is influencing the production and content of these solutions. The research focuses on three aspects of the One Map Initiative: the forest moratorium; forest licensing; and new standards in participative mapping. Our findings show that the initiative has created new opportunities and constraints for forest reform. New disciplinary and participatory technologies have emerged that have created political spaces for activists to actively promote social and environmental justice concerns. However, our analysis also shows tensions for forest stakeholders between engaging in the new opportunities of the green economy and the risk of having political issues rendered technical.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank our research participants and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful suggestions.
Funding
This research is supported by the Marsden Fund Council, from Government funding, administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand.
Notes on contributors
Rini Astuti is a PhD candidate in human geography at Victoria University of Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand, and a Visiting Scholar at Macquarie University, Australia. She is involved in a project researching the political ecology of REDD+ in Indonesia. She has worked as an environmental activist and feminist in Indonesia.
Andrew McGregor is Associate Professor at Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia and Honourary Research Associate at Victoria University of Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand. He has a background in human geography, development and political ecology. His research focuses on Southeast Asia and Australasia. He is the principal investigator for a project researching the political ecology of REDD+ in Indonesia. He is author of Southeast Asian Development (2008).
Notes
1. Under the terms of Presidential Regulation 62/2013, the REDD+ Agency was established in December 2013 to replace the role of the REDD+ Taskforce.
2. Zwick, “Indonesia Vows.”
3. Ibid.
4. Samadhi, “One Map Movement.”
5. Brockhaus et al., “An Overview of Forest and Land Allocation Policies.”
6. Beymer-Farris and Bassett, “The REDD Menace”; and Eilenberg, “Shades of Green and REDD.”
7. McGregor et al., “Practical Critique”; and McGregor, “Green and REDD?”
8. McGregor et al., “From Global Policy to Local Politics.”
9. Foucault, “Governmentality.”
10. Ilcan and Phillips, “Developmentalities and Calculative Practices.”
11. Foucault, “Governmentality.”
12. Dean, Governmentality.
13. Fletcher, “Neoliberal Environmentality.”
14. Ibid., 178.
15. Dean, Governmentality.
16. Foucault, “Governmentality,” 95.
17. Li, The Will to Improve.
18. Dean, Governmentality.
19. Li, The Will to Improve, 7.
20. Li, The Will to Improve.
21. Scott, Seeing like a State.
22. Ibid.
23. Li, “Beyond ‘the State’ and Failed Schemes,” 389.
24. Li, The Will to Improve, 7.
25. Ibid.
26. Stratford, “Micro-strategies of Resistance,” 2.
27. Thompson et al., “Seeing REDD+ as a Project of Environmental Governance,” 100.
28. Aicher, “Discourse Practices in Environmental Governance.”
29. Ibid.
30. Li, “What is Land?”
31. Ibid., 589.
32. Peluso and Vandergeest, “Genealogies of the Political Forest.”
33. Ibid., 763.
34. Fay et al., Getting the Boundaries Right. ‘New Order’ was a well-known terminology employed by President Suharto to differentiate his regime from that of the previous president Sukarno’s regime.
35. Li, The Will to Improve, 5.
36. Bakker, “Who owns the Land?”
37. Peluso, “Whose Woods are These?”
38. Indarto et al., The Context of REDD+ in Indonesia.
39. McGregor et al., “Beyond Carbon, More than Forest?”
40. Arsel and Büscher, “NatureTM Inc.”
41. Milne and Adams, “Market Masquerades.”
42. Fletcher, “Neoliberal Environmentality.”
43. Sloan, “Indonesia’s Moratorium on New Forest Licenses,” 37.
44. Fay et al., Getting the Boundaries Right.
45. Purba et al., Potret Keadaan Hutan Indonesia.
46. Brockhaus et al., “An Overview of Forest and Land Allocation.”
47. Samadhi, “One Map Movement.”
48. Ibid.
49. Government of Indonesia, “Letter of Intent.”
50. Murdiyarso et al., Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium.
51. UKP4 and Satgas REDD+, “Laporan Pemantauan Instruksi Presiden.”
52. Ibid.
53. Barry, Political Machines, 208.
54. Fandi et al., “Melihat Implementasi Inpres Moratorium.”
55. Murdiyarso et al., Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium.
56. Interview, activist 1, 2013.
57. Li, The Will to Improve.
58. Samadhi, “Satu Informasi Perizinan.”
59. Scott, Seeing like a State.
60. Li, “Beyond ‘the State’ and Failed Schemes,” 389.
61. Scott, Seeing Like a State.
62. Ebeling and Yasué, “Generating Carbon Finance.”
63. KPK, “Integrated White Paper.”
64. Dermawan et al., “Preventing the Risks of Corruption.”
65. Interview, REDD+ Agency official 1, 2013.
66. Dermawan et al., “Preventing the Risks of Corruption.”
67. Interview, RMU Director, 2013.
68. Interview, activist 3, 2013.
69. Samadhi, “Satu Informasi Perizinan.”
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Interview, UKP4 official, 2013.
74. UKP4 and Satgas REDD+, “Laporan Pemantauan Instruksi Presiden.”
75. Interview, district official, 2013.
76. Interview, UKP4 official, 2013.
77. Ibid.
78. Scott, Seeing Like a State.
79. Li, “Beyond ‘the State’ and Failed Schemes,” 391.
80. Dean, Governmentality.
81. Peluso, “Whose Woods are These?”
82. Ibid.
83. JKPP, “Standard Operating Procedures.”
84. Ibid.
85. Peluso, “Whose Woods are These?”
86. Harley, “Deconstructing the Map.”
87. JKPP, “Standard Operating Procedures.”
88. Peluso, “Whose Woods are These?”
89. Roth, “The Challenges of mapping Complex Indigenous Spatiality.”
90. Pramono, “Ngekar Utatn Raat Kite.”
91. Roth, “The Challenges of mapping Complex Indigenous Spatiality,” 211.
92. Astuti and McGregor, “Assembling Indigenous Land Claims.”
93. Aicher, “Discourse Practices in Environmental Governance.”
94. McGregor et al., “Beyond Carbon, More than Forest?”