Understanding food security and international security links in the context of climate change

Abstract

Food production has been changing significantly in recent years as a result of climate change and of growing demand for food. This article aims to understand the link between food security and international security in the context of climate change, applying a systematic and qualitative analysis of the literature using the bibliometric method. This research observes that climate change tends to affect agricultural productivity, exposing societies to risk and the need for migration. However, good governance, together with international cooperation, can reduce the hazards of food insecurity, strengthening ties between countries and stimulating a fairer and more inclusive form of international trade.

Keywords:

• Food security
• international security
• climate change
• sustainable development

Notes

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2. Buzan and Hansen, A evolução dos Estudos de Segurança Internacional.

3. Gleditsch and Nordås, “Conflicting Messages?”

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5. Hough, Environmental Security, 212.

6. Beckett, “Speech at the UN Security Council.”

7. Mathew, “Redefining Security.”

8. Homer-Dixon, “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict,” 6.

9. Mârza et al., “Agricultural Insurances and Food Security.”

10. Seaman et al., “The Household Economy Approach.”

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13. United Nations, “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.”

14. IPCC, “Introduction.”

15. IPCC, Climate Change 2007.

16. UN, “Secretary-General salutes International Workshop.”

17. Prezelj, “Challenges in Conceptualizing and Providing Human Security,” 8.

18. Milman and Arsano, “Climate Adaptation and Development.”

19. UNSC, “Letter dated 5 April,” 186.

20. IPCC, Climate Change 2007.

21. Mckune et al., “Climate Change through a Gendered Lens”; Waongoa et al., “Adaptation to Climate Change”; Smith et al., “A Risk Modeling Framework”; Hsiang et al., “Civil Conflicts”; and IPCC, Climate Change 2014.

22. Schmidhuber and Tubiello, “Global Food Security.”

23. Hough, Environmental Security, 239.

24. FAO, Greening the Economy with Agriculture, 279.

25. IPCC, Contribution of Working Group III.

26. Nilesa et al., “How limiting Factors drive Agricultural Adaptation”; Waongoa et al., “Adaptation to Climate Change”; Reed et al., “Combining Analytical Frameworks”; Esteve et al., “A Hydro-economic Model”; and IPCC, Climate Change 2014.

27. Vermeulen et al., “Options for Support to Agriculture and Food Security.”

28. Vignola et al., “Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers.”

29. World Resources Institute, Building Climate Equity.

30. Iglesias and Garrote, “Adaptation Strategies”; Reed et al., “Combining Analytical Frameworks”; Esteve et al., “A Hydro-economic Model”; IPCC, Climate Change 2014; Smith et al., “A Risk Modeling Framework”; Duguma et al., “A Systematic Analysis of Enabling Conditions”; Sahnoune et al., “Climate Change in Algeria”; and Yulandhika and Nugrahanti, “Mitigation and Adaptation Planning of Climate Change.”

31. Padgham et al., Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change.

32. Mishra and Sahu, “Economic Impact of Climate Change.”

33. Brauch, “Desertification.”

34. Zewdie, “Impacts of Climate Change.”

35. IPCC, Climate Change 2007.

36. Iglesias and Garrote, “Adaptation Strategies”; Reed et al., “Combining Analytical Frameworks”; Esteve et al., “A Hydro-economic Model”; IPCC, Climate Change 2014; Smith et al., “A Risk Modeling Framework”; and World Resources Institute, Building Climate Equity.

37. Iglesias and Garrote, “Adaptation Strategies”; Reed et al., “Combining Analytical Frameworks”; Esteve et al., “A Hydro-economic Model”; IPCC, Climate Change 2014; Smith et al., “A Risk Modeling Framework”; Duguma et al., “A Systematic Analysis of Enabling Conditions”; Sahnoune et al., “Climate Change in Algeria”; and Yulandhika and Nugrahanti, “Mitigation and Adaptation Planning of Climate Change.”

38. Seaman et al., “The Household Economy Approach”; and Zewdie, “Impacts of Climate Change.”

39. Padgham et al., Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change; and World Resources Institute, Building Climate Equity.

40. Padgham et al., “Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change”; and United Nations Environment Programme, Towards a Green Economy.

41. Vignola et al., “Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers.”

42. See the works cited in note 30.

43. FAO, Trade Reforms and Food Security, 29.

44. Mckune et al., “Climate Change through a Gendered Lens.”

45. Hough, Environmental Security, 244.

46. Hough, Environmental Security, 243.

47. Gandhi and Zhou, “Food Demand,” 108.

48. Grafton et al., “Towards Food Security by 2050.”

49. Smyth et al., “Food Security and the Evaluation of Risk,” 16.

50. Ibid.

51. Hurduzeu et al., “Hazards and Risks in the Romanian Agriculture.”

52. Padgham et al., Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change.

53. Li et al., “Impact of Climate Change.”

54. Ghahramani et al., “The Value of adapting to Climate Change.”

55. Marconi and Lakatos, Fundamentos de Metodologia Científica.

56. Jackson and Verberg, Methods.

57. Marconi and Lakatos, Fundamentos de Metodologia Científica.

58. Ghahramani et al., “The Value of adapting to Climate Change.”

59. Uman, “Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.”

60. Elsevier, “Scopus.”

61. Thomson Reuters, “Web of Science.”

62. Elsevier, “Science Direct.”

63. Cheftel, “Emerging Risks.”

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid., 63.

66. Cheftel, “Emerging Risks,” 229.

67. Ibid.

68. Mosnier et al., “Global Food Markets.”

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid., 30.

71. Ibid.

72. Selvaraju et al., “Climate Science.”

73. Ibid., 98.

74. Mosnier et al., “Global Food Markets.”

75. Munang et al., “Ecosystem Management.”

76. Ibid.

77. Ibid., 943

78. Munang et al., “Ecosystem Management.”

79. Theisen et al., “Climate Wars?”

80. Ibid.

81. Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife.

82. Theisen et al., “Climate Wars?,” 87–88.

83. Warner et al., “Climate Change.”

84. Kahl, States, Scarcity and Civil Strife.

85. Warner et al., “Climate Change,” 698.

86. Manson and Zeitoun, “Questioning Environmental Security.”

87. Ibid., 294.

88. Ibid., 296.

89. Zadeh et al., “Studying Climate Change Impacts.”

90. Ibid., 2.

91. Ibid.

92. Allouche, “The Sustainability and Resilience of Global Water and Food Systems.”

93. Ibid., 2.

94. Ibid., 6.

95. Allouche, “The Sustainability and Resilience of Global Water and Food Systems.”

96. Cheftel, “Emerging Risks.”

97. Ibid.

98. United Nations Environment Programme, Towards a Green Economy.

99. Selvaraju et al., “Climate Science.”

100. Munang et al., “Ecosystem Management.”

101. Theisen et al., “Climate Wars?”

102. Warner et al., “Climate Change.”

103. Manson and Zeitoun, “Questioning Environmental Security.”

104. Zadeh et al., “Studying Climate Change Impacts.”

105. Allouche, “The Sustainability and Resilience of Global Water and Food Systems.”