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Abstract
UK policies embrace the ideas of security–development nexus, but most scholarship on its engagement builds upon African cases. This paper examines the drivers, nature and implications of UK involvement with an Asian country, Nepal. The UK’s position as the largest bilateral contributor and major peace and security donor among at least 21 others makes examination of its Nepal involvement imperative. This paper uses the grounded theory method and interpretivist analytical approach to create interactions between published and field information. Although the UK’s persistent engagement and programme-based approach helped peacefully manage transition, this paper contends, institutional changes have been shallow and winning confidence remains strenuous.
Acknowledgements
The author expresses gratitude to his interviewees whose names he cannot mention here due to ethical reasons. He is grateful to Dr Bertram Jenkins and Dr Tony Lynch of the University of New England, Australia, for their continuous support and constructive feedback while developing this paper. Field visits for this article were supported in part by Open Society Foundations (OSF) under grant number IN2015-22946. The opinions expressed herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily express the views of OSF.
Notes
1. DFID, “Provisional UK,” 9. Average exchange rate of December 2015 (£1 = USD 1.51) used throughout this paper.
2. ICAI, DFID’s Peace, 3.
3. Notably, Justaert, “Implementation”; Onoma, “Transition Regimes”; Gbla, “Security Sector”; Albrecht and Jackson, “State-Building.”
4. Patton, Qualitative Research.
5. Charmaz, “Grounded Theory.”
6. MoF, Report/FY 2013–2014.
7. MoF, Report/FY 2012–2013.
8. MoF, Report/FY 2012–2013.
9. MoF, Report/FY 2013–2014; Report/FY 2012–2013; Report/FY 2011–2012; and Report/FY 2010–2011.
10. Ball, “Evolution of the Security”; Hänggi, “Approaching Peacebuilding.”
11. Chanaa, Security Sector Reform.
12. Schnabel and Bron, Security Sector Reform.
13. Ball, 'Evolution of the Security'.
14. Cooper and Pugh, Security Sector Transformation.
15. Duffield, “Development–Security Nexus.”
16. Denney, “Liberal chiefs.”
17. van Veen & Derks, “Troubles of Justice.”
18. Chanaa, Security Sector Reform.
19. Dursun-Ozkanca and Vandemoortele, “European Union.”
20. Besancenot, “Anglophone Invention?”
21. Schnabel and Bron, Security Sector Reform.
22. Jackson, “Security Sector Reform.”
23. Ball, “Transforming Security Sectors,” 47.
24. Hendrickson, Review of Security.
25. Ball, “Evaluation of the Conflict,” 1.
26. Justaert, “Implementation.”
27. Onoma, “Transition Regimes.”
28. Sedra, “Security Sector.”
29. Gbla, “Security Sector.”
30. Denney, “Liberal Chiefs.”
31. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty, 84.
32. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty, 73.
33. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty.
34. Albrecht and Jackson, “State-Building.”
35. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty.
36. DFID, FCO, and MoD, Building Stability.
37. ICAI, Review of UK Development, 1.
38. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty.
39. DFID, “Business Case: Nepal Peace.”
40. DFID, “Nepal Peace Support”.
41. Subedi, “Conflict, Combatants, and Cash.”
42. DFID, “Annual Review: Nepal Peace 2013,” 5.
43. DFID, “Annual Review: Nepal Peace”, 8.
44. DFID, “Annual Review: Nepal Peace 2014.”
45. Sparkes, “Two Hundred Years.”
46. DFID, “Nepal Police”.
47. Adhikari, “Surakshama Videshiko”; Bohara, “Badhdo Paranirvarata.”
48. Ghimire, “Nepalma Carter.”
49. DFID, “NIPS,” para. 2.
50. DFID, “NIPS.”
51. ICAI, DFID’s Peace, 4.
52. DFID, “Project Completion,” 2.
53. DFID, “Security and Justice Innovation.”
54. DFID, “Intervention Summary: Justice.”
55. DFID, “Annual Review: Security and Justice.”
56. Interview SEC006, 29 April 2014.
57. Interview GOV207, 16 September 2015.
58. Interview DIP202, 14 September 2015.
59. Interview GOV208, 30 August 2015.
60. TKP, “Independent TRC.”
61. Rawski and Sharma, “Comprehensive Peace?,” 191.
62. Interview MED003, 18 May 2014.
63. Interview GOV205, 19 September 2015.
64. Bell, Kathmandu.
65. AFP, “Britain Accused.”
66. Interview SEC017, 12 June 2014.
67. Interview SEC012, 29 May 2014.
68. Interview SEC205, 19 September 2015; also see Rajdhani, “Ladakuko Naamma.”
69. Interview SEC001, 19 April 2014.
70. Interview SEC001, 19 April 2014.
71. Interview SEC001, 19 April 2014.
72. Interview SEC206, 18 September 2015.
73. Interview SEC034, 16 May 2014.
74. Interview ACD204, 23 Aug 2015.
75. Interview SEC006, 29 April 2014.
76. DFID, “Business Case: International.”
77. Simons, “International Crisis Group.”
78. Interview ACD201, 19 August 2015.
79. Interview ACD014, 28 May 2014.
80. Interview DIP202, 14 September 2015.
81. Interview ACD201, 19 August 2015.
82. Interview SEC205, 19 September 2015.
83. UNDP, “United Nations Peace”.
84. Ghale, “Rakshako Punarsamrachana.”
85. DFID, “Summary Sheet: Nepal Peace,” 5.
86. Interview DIP202, 14 September 2015.
87. Interview ACD201, 19 August 2015. Also see: DFID, “Annual Review: Security.”
88. Interview GOV205, 19 September 2015.
89. ICAI, DFID’s Peace, 20.
90. ICAI, “DFID's Peace,” 1.
91. Rynn, Survey of Key Donors.
92. Rynn, Survey of Key Donors.
93. Dahal, “Surakshama Sahayog.”
94. MoF, Report/FY 2012–2013, 16; and Report/FY 2013–2014, 16.
95. DFID, “Intervention Summary: Justice.”
96. Besancenot, “Anglophone Invention?”
97. MoD, FCO, and DFID, Security Sector.
98. HMG, Strong Britain.
99. DFID, FCO, and MoD, Building Stability.
100. MoD, FCO, and DFID, Security Sector, 8.
101. HRW, Protest and Police.
102. DFID, “Intervention Summary: Nepal Peace,” 25.
103. DFID, “Summary Sheet: Nepal Peace.”
104. See DFID, “Business Case: Nepal Institute,” 1.
105. Ginifer, “Challenge of the Security.”
106. Sedra, “Security Sector.”
107. Campbell, “Routine Learning?,” 97.
108. Interview SEC001, 19 April 2014.
109. Berg, “Weakness to Strength.”
110. Ghimire, “Making Security Sector.”
111. Sahin and Feaver, “Politics of Security.”
112. DFI, “Intervention Summary: Nepal Peace.”
113. Chanaa, Security Sector.
114. Email correspondence, 8 January 2016.
115. DFID, “Nepal Police”.
116. Interview SEC205, 19 September 2015.
117. ICAI, DFID’s Peace.
118. ICAI, DFID’s Peace, 12.
119. Interview SEC006, 29 April 2014.
120. Hendrickson, Review of Security.
121. DFID, “Intervention Summary: Nepal Peace,” 19–20.
122. DFID, “Annual Review: Nepal Peace.”
123. Subedi, “Conflict, Combatants, and Cash,” 241.
124. Ebo, “Challenges and Lessons.”
125. DFID, Eliminating World Poverty.
126. DFID, “Intervention Summary: Nepal Peace.”
127. MoD, FCO, and DFID, Security Sector.