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Abstract
The current configuration of global land politics – who gets what land, how, how much, why and with what implications in urban and rural spaces in the Global South and North – brings disparate social groups, governments and social movements with different sectoral and class interests into the issue of natural resource politics. Governance instruments must be able to capture the ‘political moment’ marked by the increasing intersection of issues and state and social forces that mobilise around these. This paper looks at whether and how the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (also known as the TGs) passed in 2012 in the United Nations Committee for Food Security (CFS) can contribute to democratising resource politics today. This work puts forward some initial ideas about how systematic research into the TGs can be done more meaningfully.
Notes
1. Fairhead, Leach, and Scoones, “Green Grabbing”; Mehta, Jan Veldwisch, and Franco, “Introduction to the Special Issue”; White et al., “New Enclosures”; Borras et al., “Rise of Flex Crops and Commodities.”
2. Li, “Centering Labor in the Land Grab Debate.”
3. Brent, “Territorial Restructuring and Resistance in Argentina”; S. Gómez, Land Market in Latin America and the Caribbean; Borras et al., “Land Grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, Viewed from Broader International Perspectives.”
4. Hall et al., “Resistance, Acquiescence or Incorporation?”
5. Borras, “Land Politics, Agrarian Movements and Scholar-Activism.”
6. Franco, Monsalve, and Borras, “Democratic Land Control and Human Rights.”
7. Ibid., 70.
8. Personal communication with member of the International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty (IPC) Land and Territory working group at Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)-organised regional meeting on TGs implementation in Bogota, November 2013.
9. Edelman, “Messy Hectares”; Oya, “Methodological Reflections on ‘Land Grab’ Databases”; Scoones et al., “Politics of Evidence.”
10. Bidaseca et al., Relevamiento Y Sistematización de Problemas de Tierras.
11. Grajales, “State Involvement, Land Grabbing and Counter-Insurgency.”
12. Edelman and León, “Cycles of Land Grabbing in Central America.”
13. Alonso-Fradejas et al., “Plantaciones Agroindustriales, Dominación y Despojo Indígena-Campesino En La Guatemala Del Siglo XXI”; Alonso-Fradejas, “Anything but a Story Foretold.”
14. Borras et al., “Land Grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, Viewed from Broader International Perspectives.”
15. Murmis and Murmis, “Land Concentration and Foreign Land Ownership.”
16. McKay and Colque, “Bolivia’s Soy Complex.”
17. Borras et al., “Rise of Flex Crops and Commodities.”
18. Kröger, “Political Economy of ‘Flex Trees.’”
19. Gerber and Veuthey, “Plantations, Resistance and the Greening of the Agrarian Question”; Kröger, “Political Economy of ‘Flex Trees.’”
20. Fairhead, Leach, and Scoones, “Green Grabbing”; TNI, Global Ocean Grab: A Primer, 30; Benjaminsen and Bryceson, “Conservation, Green/Blue Grabbing and Accumulation.”
21. Holmes, “What Is a Land Grab?”
22. Ybarra, “Taming the Jungle, Saving the Maya Forest.”
23. Rocheleau, “Networked, Rooted and Territorial.”
24. Borras et al., “Land Grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean”; S. Gómez, Land Market in Latin America and the Caribbean.
25. Chiriboga cited in Berdegué and Fuentealba, “Latin America: The State of Smallholders in Agriculture,” 11.
26. Garay et al. (2011), 8–11, cited in C.J.L. Gómez, Sánchez-Ayala, and Vargas, “Armed Conflict, Land Grabs and Primitive Accumulation,” 5.
27. Ibid.
28. Franco, “Making Land Rights Accessible.”
29. Tramel and Caal Hub, “Interpreting and Using the Voluntary Guidelines.”
30. Ibid.
31. Riggirozzi and Tussie, Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism.
32. Saguier and Brent, “Social and Solidarity Economy.”
33. Ortega-Espés et al., Manual Popular de Las Directrices Voluntarias, 83.
34. REAF, XXIII Reunião Ordinaria da Reunião Especializda, 3.
35. Vadillo, von Stosch, and Colque, “Aplicabilidad de Las Directrices Voluntarias En El Contexto Boliviano,” 28, our translation.
36. Ibid.
37. Personal communication, 2015.
38. McKay et al., this volume.
39. Fox, Politics of Food in Mexico.
40. Borras, Franco, and Wang, “Challenge of Global Governance of Land Grabbing.”
41. World Bank, “Access to Land Is Critical for the Poor.”
42. Habitat International Coalition et al., “World Bank Must Stop Abusing the Right to Land,” 1.
43. Hilhorst and Tonchovska, LGAF as an Assessment Tool.
44. See the PowerPoint presentation ‘Introduction to LGAF’ available on the LGAF website in the resource section: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLGA/Resources/Introduction_to_LGAF.pdf
45. Monsalve Suárez and Brent, Why the World Bank Is Neither Monitoring, Nor Complying, 49.
46. Ibid.
47. Oxfam, “Land | Issues.”
48. UNICA (2013) cited in McKay et al., “Politics of Sugarcane Flexing in Brazil and beyond,” 14.
49. FIAN (2012) cited in ibid.
50. Cited in McKay et al., “Political Economy of Sugarcane Flexing.”
51. Beals, “How Coke Can Use Its Land Rights Commitments”
52. Oxfam, “Declaration of Interest.”
53. FAO, “Cola Giants Back Voluntary Guidelines.”
54. USAID, Responsible Land-Based Investment, 2.
55. The Interlaken Group and Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), Respecting Land and Forest Rights.
56. Ibid., 1.
57. O’Laughlin, “Governing Capital?,” 948.
58. Nestle, “Oxfam’s New Corporate Accountability Initiative.”
59. Duncan, Global Food Security Governance; McKeon, Food Security Governance.
60. Landívar García, Macías Yela, and Yulán Morán, Monitoreo de Políticas de Tierra, 24–25.
61. Claeys, “Food Sovereignty and the Recognition of New Rights.”
62. Seufert and Monsalve Suárez, Monitoring the Voluntary Guidelines, 2.
63. See Franco and Monsalve, this volume.
64. Brem-Wilson, “Towards Food Sovereignty”; Brem-Wilson, “La Vía Campesina and the UN Committee”; Gaarde, Peasants Negotiating a Global Policy Space.
65. Monsalve Suárez, “Human Rights Framework in Contemporary Agrarian Struggles.”
66. Urkiola, “Panel on Impacts of Public Policies.”
67. Personal communication with member of the International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty (IPC) Land and Territory working group at an Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)-organised regional meeting on TG implementation in Bogota, November 2013.