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Abstract
Drawing on fieldwork in three Andean regions of Peru, this article analyses the capacity of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to reduce mining-related violence in rural communities in developing countries. Within Peru, to some extent CSR has stabilised short-term relationships between mining corporations and nearby communities, although tensions remain high in others. While effects are varied and locally-contingent, the findings support a theoretical understanding of CSR as deeply embedded in legitimising the violence of capitalism, including the slow violence from degrading local environments.
Notes
1. Borras and Franco, “Global Land Grabbing.”
2. Benson and Kirsch, “Capitalism and the Politics.”
3. Nixon, Slow Violence.
4. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks.
5. Cox, “Crisis in World Order”; Gill, Gramsci.
6. Dashwood, Rise of Global Corporate.
7. Levy and Egan, “A Neo-Gramscian Approach.”
8. Bernstein, Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism; Dauvergne, Environmentalism of the Rich; Guha, “Radical American Environmentalism.”
9. Fox, “How Does Civil Society Thicken?” 1091.
10. Interview, Local Activist, Cajamarca, September 27, 2014.
11. Interview, Local Activist, Cusco, June 20, 2014.
12. Interview, NGO Representative, Lima, July 31, 2014.
13. Interview, NGO Representative, Lima, August 28, 2014.
14. Benson and Kirsch, “Capitalism and the Politics.”
15. Nixon, Slow Violence, 2.
16. Ibid., 17.
17. Bebbington, “The New Extraction.”
18. CooperAcción, “Noveno Informe Cartográfico.”
19. Bebbington and Bury, “Institutional Challenges for Mining.”
20. Pegg, “Mining and Poverty Reduction.”
21. Broad and Fischer-Mackey, “From Extractivism Towards Buen Vivir.”
22. Bebbington, “Extractive Industries and Stunted States.”
23. Newell, “Citizenship, Accountability and Community.”
24. Watts, Sinister Life of Political Community.
25. Snyder, “Scaling Down.”
26. Gustafsson, “Struggles Surrounding Ecological”; Starn, “I Dreamed of Foxes and Hawks”; Paredes, 2011; Tanaka and Melendez, “Yanacocha y los Reiterados.”
27. Muñoz et al., “Group Inequalities.”
28. Ponce and McClintock, “Explosive Combination,” 128.
29. These percentages were averaged from fiscal years 2004–2010. We thank Dr Aldo Ponce and Dr Cynthia McClintock for providing raw data through an email communication on 13 April 2016.
30. Interview, Ombudsman Representative, Cusco, June 6, 2014; Ombudsman Representative, Cajamarca, September 15, 2014; NGO Representative, Huaraz, October 30, 2014.
31. Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse”; Bland and Chirinos, “Democratization through Contention?”; Perla, “Extracting from the Extractors.”
32. Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM) Perú 2016; Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo y Energía (SNMPE) Reporte de Canon Minero 2015.
33. INEI, n.d.
34. Perla, “Extracting from the Extractors.”
35. Barrick, 2011: 28–29; Himely, 2010: 3280.
36. Interview, Company Representative, Jangas, 5 November 2014.
37. Himely, 2010: 3279.
38. Himley, “Global Mining.”
39. Perla, “Extracting from the Extractors,” 129.
40. Barrick, 2013: 37.
41. Interview, Company Representative, Lima, 8 May 2014.
42. Interview, Company Representative, Lima, 8 May 2014.
43. Interview, NGO Representative, Huaraz, 30 October 2014; Government Official, Huaraz, 10 November 2014.
44. Himley, “Regularizing Extraction in Andean Peru.”
45. Defensoría del Pueblo, Conflictos Sociales Conocidos, 6.
46. Defensoría del Pueblo, Undecimo Informe Annual, 74.
47. Perla, “Extracting from the Extractors,” 196.
48. Barrick, 2012: 52.
49. Barrick, 2013: 25.
50. Rojas, “Un Muerto y Nueve.”
51. Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM) Perú 2016; Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo y Energía (SNMPE) Reporte de Canon Minero 2015.
52. INEI, n.d.
53. De Echave and Diez, Más Allá de Conga ; Tanaka and Melendez, “Yanacocha y los Reiterados.”
54. Interview, Company Representative, Cajamarca, 4 September 2014.
55. Asociación Los Andes de Cajamarca (ALAC). http://www.losandes.org.pe.
56. Interview, NGO Representative, Lima, 31 July 2014.
57. Newmont, n.d. “Conga Project: Fact Sheet – Citizen Participation.”
58. Interview, NGO Representative, Cajamarca, 7 September 2014; NGO Representative, Cajamarca, 10 September 2014; Company Representative, Cajamarca, 11 September 2014; Ombudsman Representative, Cajamarca, 15 September 2014.
59. Newmont, n.d. “Conga Project: Fact Sheet – Social Development.”
60. Interview, Ombudsman Representative, Cajamarca, 15 September 2014.
61. Ibid.
62. Sosa and Zwarteveen, “Exploring Politics of Water Grabbing.”
63. Interview, Protest Leader, Cajamarca, 12 September 2014; Protest Leader, Celendín, 27 September 2014; Protestor, Celendín, 28 September 2014.
64. Interview, Company Representative #1, Cajamarca, 30 September 2014; Company Representative #2, Cajamarca, 30 September 2014.
65. Rojas, “Peritaje Alternativo.”
66. Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM) Perú 2016; Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo y Energía (SNMPE) Reporte de Canon Minero 2015.
67. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). Base de Datos.
68. Caceres and Rojas, Minería, Desarrollo; De Echave, “El Caso Tintaya.”
69. De Echave et al., Dialogue and Management.
70. De Echave, “El Caso Tintaya”; De Echave et al., Dialogue and Management.
71. Interview, Former Company Representative, Toronto, August 6, 2014.
72. De Echave et al., Dialogue and Management, 48.
73. Ibid.
74. Interview, Former Company Representative, Toronto, August 6, 2014; Interview, Former Elected Official, Cusco, June 13, 2014.
75. Convenio Marco, Convenio Marco.
76. Interview, Former Company Representative, Toronto, August 6, 2014.
77. Interview, Journalist, Cusco, June 5, 2014.
78. Interview, Former Company Representative, Lima, May 26, 2014; Glencore, Glencore Responsibility Report, 100.
79. Interview, Protest Leader, Cusco, June 7, 2014; Interview, Provincial Official, Yauri, June 13, 2014.
80. Salcedo, “Esdtudio concluye.”
81. Interview, Protest Leader, Yauri, June 29, 2014.
82. Interview, Protest Leader, Yauri, June 30, 2014.
83. Interview, Protest Leader, Yauri, June 7, 2014; Interview, Journalist, Cusco, June 13, 2014.
84. Interview, Protest Leader, Cusco, June 7, 2014; Interview, Provincial Official, Yauri, June 13, 2014; Interview, NGO Representative, Yauri, June 20, 2014; Interview, Protestor, Yauri, June 30, 2014.
85. Interview, Ombudsman Representative #1, Cusco, June 6, 2014; Interview, Ombudsman Representative #1, Cusco, June 16, 2014; Interview, Provincial Official, Yauri, June 13, 2014.
86. De La Cruz, “Protesta en Espinar.”
87. Bowcott, “UK Mining Firm.”