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Acknowledgements
My thanks to Gad Heuman for the invitation to write this essay which draws on several previously published articles of mine including, most recently, ‘Post-emancipation Labor Studies in the Early Twenty-First Century’, in Virginie Chaillou-Atrous and Françoise Le Jeune, eds., L’engagisme dans les colonies européens: Résistances et mémoire(s) (XIXe-XXe siècle) (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2023), 43–59.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969).
2 Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 (London: Oxford University Press, 1974; 2nd ed., London: Hansib, 1993).
3 Bridget Brereton, ‘The Other Crossing: Asian Migrants in the Caribbean. A Review Essay’, Journal of Caribbean History 28, no. 1 (1994): 99–122; Marina Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834–1874 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1–6; David Northrup, Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 154; Marina Carter, ‘Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate’, Itinerario 21, no. 1 (1997): 52–61.
4 E.g. Brij V. Lal, Doug Munro, and Edward D. Beechert, eds., Plantation Workers: Resistance and Accommodation (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993); Maurits S. Hassankhan, Brij V. Lal, and Doug Munro, eds., Resistance and Indian Indenture Experience: Comparative Perspectives (New Delhi: Manohar, 2014).
5 E.g. Goolam Vahed and Ashwin Desai, ‘Indian Indenture: Speaking Across the Oceans’, Man in India 92, no. 2 (2012): 195–213; Richard B. Allen, ‘Re-conceptualizing the “New System of Slavery”’, Man in India 92, no. 2 (2012): 225–45.
6 Northrup, Indentured Labor, 7.
7 Clare Anderson, ‘Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth Century’, Slavery and Abolition 30, no. 1 (2009): 93–109.
8 Richard B. Allen, European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014), 3, 193–206; Richard B. Allen, Slaves, Convicts, Indentured Laborers and the Tyranny of the Particular, Joseph C. Miller Memorial Lecture 1 (Berlin: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt, 2020).
9 Carter, Servants, Sirdars, 193–235; Richard B. Allen, Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Laborers in Colonial Mauritius (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 55–75.
10 Marina Carter, Voices from Indenture: Experiences of Indian Migrants in the British Empire (London: Leicester University Press, 1996); Clare Anderson, ed., Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean World, 1790–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
11 Marina Carter, Lakshmi’s Legacy: The Testimonies of Indian Women in 19th Century Mauritius (Rose Hill, Mauritius: Éditions de l’Océan Indien, 1994).
12 Allen, Slaves, Freedmen, 138–71.
13 O. Nigel Bolland, ‘Systems of Domination after Slavery: The Control of Land and Labor in the British West Indies after 1838’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 23, no. 4 (1981): 591–619; O. Nigel Bolland, ‘Reply to William A. Green’s “The Perils of Comparative History”’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 26, no. 1 (1984): 120–25.
14 E.g. Alison Games, ‘Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities’, American Historical Review 111, no. 3 (2006): 741–57; Dale Tomich, ‘The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry’, International Review of Social History 63 (2018): 477–501.
15 E.g. Adam McKeown, ‘Conceptualizing Chinese Diasporas, 1842 to 1949’, Journal of Asian Studies 58, no. (1999): 306–37.
16 Craig A. Lockard, ‘Chinese Migration and Settlement in Southeast Asia before 1850: Making Fields from the Sea’, History Compass 9, no. 11 (2013): 765–81.
17 E.g. Raj Boodhoo, Health, Disease and Indian Immigrants in Nineteenth Century Mauritius (Port Louis, Mauritius: Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund, 2010).
18 Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, c. 1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Takashi Oishi, ‘Indian Muslim Merchants in Mozambique and South Africa: Intra-Regional Networks in Strategic Association with State Institutions, 1870s-1930s’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 2–3 (2007): 287–324.
19 Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Chinese Diaspora in the Western Indian Ocean (Rose Hill, Mauritius: Éditions de l’Océan Indien/Mission Catholique Chinoise, 1985).
20 E.g. Douglas Hamilton, Kate Hodgson, and Joel Quirk, eds., Slavery, Memory and Identity: National Representations and Global Legacies (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2012).
21 E.g. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012); Siddarth Kara, Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
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Richard B. Allen
Richard B. Allen is the author of Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Laborers in Colonial Mauritius (Cambridge University Press, 1999), European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850 (Ohio University Press, 2014), and more than 70 articles, book chapters, and essays on the social and economic history of colonial Mauritius, slavery and indentured labour in the colonial plantation world, and slavery, slave trading, and abolition in the Indian Ocean world and Asia. Email: [email protected].