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Geomicrobiology Journal Volume 39, 2022 - Issue 8
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Articles

Bio-Precipitation of Calcium Ions Induced by Free and Immobilized Virgibacillus dokdonensis WLR1 in Hypersaline Wastewater

Huaxiao Yana College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Lirong Weia College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Zuozhen Hana College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China;b Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Center for Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
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Maurice E. Tuckerc School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK;d Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, UKView further author information
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Yanhong Zhaoa College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Long Menga College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Lanmei Zhaoa College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Jihan Wanga College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Yudong Xua College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Heding Genga College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Xiyu Zhanga College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Ziyang Qiua College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaView further author information
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Guijiang Lia College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
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Hui Zhaoa College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
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Pages 705-721 | Received 20 Jan 2022, Accepted 14 Apr 2022, Published online: 06 May 2022
 
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Abstract

Hypersaline wastewater has been widely used in industrial processes in some countries short of freshwater, but calcium ions in such wastewater should be removed due to the danger of limescale being produced. In this study, calcium ions in hypersaline (sodium chloride: 5%) wastewater was biomineralized into different carbonate minerals under the action of free and immobilized Virgibacillus dokdonensis WLR1 bacteria. The results show that the calcium ion precipitation rate was much higher under the conditions of immobilized bacteria (p < 0.01), and that there was a significant difference in the mineral phases, the diversity of protein secondary structures and morphologies, and chemical characteristics of the mineral surfaces between the free and the immobilized bacteria based on XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XPS analyses. TG, DTG, and DSC results show that with increasing calcium ion concentrations, the thermal stability of calcium carbonate under the conditions of free bacteria decreased due to the decline in crystallinity. The stable carbon isotope values (δ13CPDB) of calcium carbonate formed by free bacteria changed from −16.80‰ to −18.17‰; the much more negative δ13CPDB values suggest that the calcium carbonate minerals are biotic. From ultrathin slices analyzed by HRTEM-mapping-SAED, it was observed that calcite is formed inside the cell, thus also facilitating calcium ion removal. Research concerning intracellular calcite has rarely been reported. This study helps to further understand the mechanisms of biomineralization, and also provides an environmentally friendly method to remove calcium ions from hypersaline wastewater.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42072136, 41972108, 42106144), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019MD027, ZR2020QD089, ZR2021QE125), Major Innovation Projects of Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (2019JZZY020808), Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training program for College students (202110424157, 202110424158).

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