Notes
1. This essay adopts the term ‘data infrastructure’ to describe what Anagnostopoulos et al. (Citation2013) call ‘the infrastructure of accountability’ and what is often described as ‘information infrastructure’ (Bowker et al., Citation2010). Each term affords a different perspective on an overlapping set of phenomena. The use of the term ‘data infrastructure’ here reflects a specific concern with developments in the production, management and effects of educational data, including, but also going beyond, the use of data for accountability purposes.