Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the Malay Muslim Transgender Women in Northern Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Study

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among the Malay Muslim transgender women in the northwestern states of Peninsular Malaysia. This mixed-method, quantitative and qualitative, study was conducted in collaboration with a nongovernmental organization that works incognito to advocate and help transgender women. Participants were recruited using a snowball method. A self-administered questionnaire was used that included information related to the demographic background of participants, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Oslo-3 Social Support Scale. For the qualitative part of the study, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide in the Malay language. The study showed the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 33.3% (n = 47), 48.2% (n = 68), and 26.2% (n = 37), respectively. Difficulty in finding employment was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas a history of physical abuse was also significantly associated with anxiety, and being ostracized by friends was significantly associated with depression. During in-depth interviews, suicidal thoughts were mentioned by several respondents and many lamented poor support from family and cisgender friends, and they complained of societal pressure. In addition to being physically and verbally abused, some also complained about cyberbullying. There is an urgent need to identify those with mental distress among transgender women in Malaysia to enable early interventions. More research is needed to identify mental health issues among transgender women and highlight these issues to sensitize the general public to their problems.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

AR conventionalized the project and acquired funding. AR and SNA were involved with data collection and analysis and writing of the original draft and review and editing.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, AR, upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

The investigators would like to thank RCSI and UCD Malaysia campus for the research grant to conduct this study (PMC RC-23).