Geniposide ameliorates brain injury in mice with intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting NF-κB signaling

ABSTRACT

Background

Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical players in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Geniposide is an active component of Gardenia that has anti-inflammatory effects. This study focused on the roles and mechanisms of geniposide in ICH.

Methods

ICH was established by injecting collagenase IV into C57BL/6 mice. To determine the functions of geniposide and NF-κB inhibition in ICH model mice, geniposide (1, 25, or 50 mg/kg) or PDTC (a NF-κB inhibitor) was administered. Neurological functions were assessed with the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to identify pathological changes. IL-1β and TNF-α levels were estimated with ELISA kits. NF-κB p65 localization was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Oxidative stress was analyzed by measuring ROS levels.

Results

Geniposide alleviated cerebral edema and neurological deficits. Geniposide inhibited neuroinflammation and oxidative stress after ICH, and the inhibitory effects were enhanced by NF-κB inhibition. Additionally, geniposide inhibited NF-κB signaling.

Conclusion

Geniposide alleviates brain injury by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress damage in experimental ICH models by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.

KEYWORDS:

• Intracerebral hemorrhage
• geniposide
• NF-κB
• oxidative damage
• inflammation

Acknowledgments

We appreciated the help of Huang Shi Central Hospital.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors contributions

Yinghui Ma was the main designers of this study. Yinghui Ma, Xiao Hu, Songbo Shen, and Dongmei Pan performed the experiments and analyzed the data. Yinghui Ma and Dongmei Pan drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethical approval

All the experiments involving animals were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the animal research committee of Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd (202204116).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported that there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.