262
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Protégé or Go-Between? The Role of the baltic states after 9/11 in eu–US Relations

Pages 127-151 | Published online: 08 Jun 2007
 

Abstract

Since 9/11, Washington has viewed the new Europe as a protégé of the United States, whose role is to repair the political bridge across the Atlantic. Whereas the lure of the United States has started to weaken in Central European countries, the Baltic states have remained the most trustful new Europeans from Washington's point of view. Nonetheless, the Balts have not felt comfortable with the new European label. They have seemingly begun to define themselves as something special and have aspired to a voice of their own. Instead of being merely protégés of the United States, the Balts are transforming themselves into intermediaries between Brussels and Washington.

Notes

Notes

1.  Mark Baker, ‘Rumsfeld's “Old” and “New” Europe Touches on Uneasy Divide’, 24 January 2003, available at: http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/01/24012003172118.asp, accessed 4 December 2006; ‘Rumsfeld Again Refers to “Old” and “New” Europe’, 11 June 2003, Radio Free Europe, available at: http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/06/11062003171320.asp, accessed 4 December 2006.

2.  Even if from the perspective of Washington and Brussels all three Baltic states are seen as one homogeneous bloc, all three states have their own distinct national policies. For the purposes of this article, only Estonian and Latvian policies are analyzed.

3.  US Baltic Charter, 16 January 1998, available at: http://www.vm.ee/kat_204, accessed 4 December 2006.

4.  The New Europe. A Weekly Review of Foreign Policies, 1916 (London).

5.  Lehti (Citation1999, pp. 150–63); Editorial, The New Europe, 19 October 1916.

6.  International Broadcasting Bureau, available at: http://www.ibb.gov/, accessed 4 December 2006.

7.  Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Greek(!), Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian.

8.  Seth Cropsey, ‘About the New Europe Review’, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/English/index.cfm, accessed 30 June 2005. The web address is no longer active as of December 2006. The whole review has disappeared from the Internet without explanations or archive.

9.  The following excuse was given by the Voice of America: ‘We occasionally must make changes at the Voice of America to ensure the appeal of our content mix to a broad international audience, and as the focus of world events has changed over the years, we have been required to refocus both our resources and our program content’. http://www.world of radio.com/dxld 6098.txt

10.  J. Biden, ‘Let's Grow up and Start Talking: Senator Joseph Biden on U.S. Foreign Policy and Transatlantic Relations’, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/, accessed 13 September 2005.

11.  I. Kadare, ‘Eastern Europe Needs a Unified West’, interview, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/, accessed 30 June 2005.

12.  Radek Sikorski, ‘Living with a Hyperpower: Ideas on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship’, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/, accessed 30 June 2005.

13.  P. Pithart, ‘Europe's Returning Center’, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/, accessed 30 June 2005.

14.  I. Kadare, ‘Eastern Europe Needs a Unified West’, op. cit.

15.  Bailey and Zoakos (Citation2005).

16.  Sikorski (Citation2005).

17.  The Enhanced Partnership in Northern Europe (e-PINE), Mission Statement, available at: http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rt/epine/c10621.htm, accessed 5 December 2006; Heather Conley, 21 April 2004, available at: http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/31684.htm, accessed 5 December 2006; US Baltic Charter, 16 January 1998.

18.  Senator John McCain at the ‘The Future of Democracy beyond the Baltics’ conference, 6 February 2004, available at: http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/29315.htm, accessed 5 December 2006.

19.  President George W. Bush Discusses Freedom and Democracy in Latvia, 7 May 2005, available at: http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/45770.htm, accessed 11 December 2006.

20.  Vice President's Remarks at the 2006 Vilnius conference, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060504-1.html, accessed 5 December 2006.

21.  President Bush Discusses NATO Alliance during Visit to Latvia, 28 November 2006, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061128-13.html, accessed 5 December 2006.

22.  D. S. Hamilton, ‘Wider Europe and the West: Ten Lessons’, New Europe Review, 2005, available at: http://www.neweuropereview.com/, accessed 30 June 2005.

23.  Vīke-Freiberga, ‘What is Old and What is New? Europe after the Enlargement of the EU’, 5th Annual Baltic Development Forum Summit, Riga, 6 October 2003, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/news/speeches/2003/okt/3529, accessed 5 December 2006; Kristina Ojuland, ‘The European Union after the First of May’, Bucharest, 5 April 2004, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/4391.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2004, accessed 5 December 2006.

24.  Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia at the 15th session of the Baltic Assembly, 3 December 1999, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/news/speeches/1999/dec/3598/, accessed 6 December 2006. Author's emphasis in quote.

25.  Sandra Kalniete, ‘Latvia's Foreign Policy at the Crossroads of Changes’, 27 January 2004, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/news/speeches/2004/jan/3565/, accessed 6 December 2006.

26.  Prime Minister Juhan Parts, interview for the newspaper Postimees, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_137/3863.html, accessed 6 December 2006.

27.  See, for example, the joint communiqué of Baltic prime ministers, 4 October 2004, Riga, available at: http://webstatic.vm.ee/static/failid/143/2004_10_Riia_Joint_Communique.pdf, accessed 6 December 2006.

28.  Kristina Ojuland, ‘Tiny Tigers Will Always be Tigers’, Berlin, 15–16 November 2002, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/3142.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2002, accessed 2 January 2007; Kristina Ojuland, ‘An EU of 25 and Estonia's Role in It’, Brussels, 23 October 2002, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/2961.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2002, accessed 2 January 2007. See also Vīke-Freiberga, ‘Latvia's Contribution to a New Europe’, Vienna, 18 June 2001, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/news/speeches/2001/jun/3459, accessed 2 January 2007; Indulis Bērzinš, ‘Latvia for Europe and Europe for Latvia’, London, 14–15 March 2002, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/news/speeches/2002/mar/3641, accessed 2 January 2007.

29.  See, for example, Gateway Riga, October 2004, Riga International Airport, pp. 22–3.

30.  Kristina Ojuland, ‘IT and Development–The Political Aspects’, 2 March 2004, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/4317.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2004, accessed 2 January 2007.

31.  ‘e-Estonia. Success Driven by Untraditional Solutions’, Life in Estonia, Winter 2004–05, pp. 30–33.

32.  Russian MFA Information and Press Department Commentary Regarding the Presentation of the Book Latvia's History: The 20th Century, 2 February 2005, available at: http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/6e2aeb9caa354435c3256f9c004c0412?OpenDocument, accessed 2 January 2007. The following month the Russian Foreign Ministry left an open note criticizing the anniversary of the Latvian SS legion, ‘Russian MFA Information and Press Department Commentary Regarding March of Former SS Men in Riga’, 16 March 2005, available at: http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/a1978fa3f0513393c3256fc60056fff9?OpenDocument, accessed 2 January 2007.

33.  Okupatsioonide Muuseum, available at: http://www.okupatsioon.ee/, accessed 2 January 2007.

34.  ‘Comments by the Russian Foreign Ministry Information and Press Department in Connection with Remarks by Some European Politicians Regarding the “Occupation” of the Baltic Countries by the Soviet Union and the Need for Russia to Condemn This’, 4 May 2005, available at: http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/3575341bd4842979c3256ff8002f095f?OpenDocument, accessed 2 January 2007.

35.  ‘Estonia's Decision to Ban Soviet Symbols Disgraceful–Lavrov’, 1 December 2006, available at: http://en.rian.ru/world/20061201/56317748.html, accessed 2 January 2007; Russian Intelligence Justifies Soviet Annexation of Baltic States, 23 November 2006, available at: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20061123/55932837.html, accessed 2 January 2007; ‘Estonia's WWII Memorials Demolition Law Immoral–Speaker Mironov’, 15 November 2006, available at: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20061115/55665080.html, accessed 2 January 2007.

36.  Urmas Paet, ‘Main Guidelines of Estonia's Foreign Policy’, 7 June 2005, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/5487.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2005, accessed 2 January 2007.

37.  Joint communiqué of the meeting of the presidents of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, Vilnius, 6 November 2006, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/policy/4595/Joint-communique06112006/, accessed 2 January 2007.

38.  President Ilves at Riikikogu conference, 30 October 2006, available at: http://www.president.ee/en/duties/?gid=83450, accessed 2 January 2007.

39.  Report by Foreign Minister of Estonia Urmas Paet on the activities of the Baltic Council of Ministers in 2005, 25 November 2005, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/7138.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2005, accessed 2 January 2007.

40.  For example, T. H. Ilves, ‘The Baltic States, the Baltic Sea Region, and the European Union’, 22 September 1998, Tallinn, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/1271.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_1998, accessed 2 January 2007.

41.  T. H. Ilves, ‘Estonia as Nordic Country’, speech given at the Swedish Institute of Foreign Affairs, 14 December 1999, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/1210.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_1999, accessed 2 January 2007.

42.  ‘Baltic Cooperation: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania’, 29 November 2005, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_202/840.html, accessed 2 January 2007.

43.  ‘Report by Foreign Minister of Estonia Urmas Paet on the Activities of the Baltic Council of Ministers in 2005’, Baltic Council, Tallinn, 25 November 2005, available at: http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/7138.html?arhiiv_kuup=kuup_2005, accessed 2 January 2007.

44.  See ‘Co-operation among the Baltic States’, Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, available at: http://www.am.gov.lv/en/eu/BalticSeaRegion/BalticStates, accessed 15 December 2006, and about the Baltic Council of Ministers from the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.urm.lt/index.php?-2025224797, accessed 15 December 2006. Lithuania held the presidency in 2006 and Latvia is holding the presidency in 2007.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 303.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.