Collective Memories in the Baltic Sea Region and Beyond: National – Transnational – European?

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Notes

Notes

1. This text is based on my introductory remarks to the conference ‘Places of Commemoration in North Eastern Europe’, Tallinn, September 2007.

2. See the contributions by Marko Lehti et al. and David Smith in this collection and also: Brüggemann (2008); Brüggemann and Kasekamp (2008); Wertsch (2008).

3. See, among others, Kõresaar and Anepaio (eds) (2003); Kõresaar (2004); Kirss et al. (2004).

4. English editions: Halbwachs (1980, 1992). From the many recent publications on Halbwachs see Krapoth and Laborde (2005).

5. See Confino (1997) and Fowler (2005).

6. A by no means complete list includes: Connerton (1989); Assmann (2002, 2003); Ricœur (2004). Also important is Kula (2004).

7. Singer (2004) and Welzer (2002).

8. Halbwachs (1985, p. 103); cf. Assmann (2002, pp. 29–48).

9. Weinrich (2004); Ricœur (2004). On forgetting in Halbwachs' writings see Fowler (2005).

10. Esposito (2002). I am following Andreas Lawaty's presentation from Tallinn in September 2007. I would like to thank him for access to his manuscript. Luhmann's point might be illustrated by the widespread oblivionism in sciences, see Weinrich (2004).

11. Cf. also Olick (1999, p. 344).

12. Piper (1987); cf. Caplan et al. (2006).

13. See the international political debates following the Swedish ‘Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research’ of 1997, which culminated in the ‘Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust. A Conference on Education, Remembrance and Research’, 26–28 January 2000. I am dealing with this issue more broadly in a forthcoming article on ‘From national victims to transnational bystanders? The changing commemoration of World War II in Central and Eastern Europe’, Constellations, (2009) 16, 1.

14. Cf. in particular Koselleck (2000, pp. 275–84) on the political cult of the dead.

15. An impressive description of the problem is provided in Judt (2002).

16. Nora (1984–1992), for the English version see Nora (1996); see also Nora (1998).

17. This has been criticized several times in the French discussion. I am following the instructive overview prepared by Kornelia Kończal (2007).

18. See Judt (1998).

19. Brix et al. (2004–2005). Selected further publications comprise: Jaworski et al. (2003); Csáky and Mannová (1999); Rider et al. (2002); Cornelißen et al. (2005). Besides, a project directed by Robert Traba (Berlin) and Hans-Henning Hahn (Oldenburg) shall focus on German–Polish places of memory, for details see Projekt: Deutsch-polische Erinnerungsorte/Polsko-niemieckie miejsca pami ci Exposé, available at: www.cbh.pan.pl/de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=0, accessed 25 August 2008.

20. See Straub (2005).

21. See the review by Nolte (2001).

22. Adriansen and Schartl (2006). An insightful presentation on Schleswig as a shared or divided place of memory has been given by Steen Bo Frandsen at the Tallinn conference on ‘Places of Commemoration’. On Saar-Lor-Lux see Hudemann et al. (2004).

23. It is explicitly based on the history of mutual German-Polish relations. See www.cbh.pan.pl/de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=0, accessed 25 August 2008.

24. See my report available at: http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=1372, accessed 1 December 2006. A publication is forthcoming.

25. Cf. the mapping of lieux de mémoire trans-frontière by Foucher (1993, p. 69).

26. See for instance www.nordicspaces.eu, accessed 25 August 2008.

27. Although misunderstandings and different emphases cannot be excluded, of course. On Narva see Burch and Smith (2007).

28. I have discussed this with regard to Riga (Hackmann 2006).

29. Nora (1988); cf. Bossuat (1999).

30. François (2006) has expanded the idea of divided places from the German Erinnerungsorte (François & Schulze 2001) and suggests here ‘common’, ‘divided’ and ‘negative’ places of memory.

31. Lewis Coser in his introduction to Halbwachs (1992, p. 25).