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Notes
Notes
1 The generation of politically active historians include Mart Laar (Prime Minister 1992–1994), Lauri Vahtre (Member of Estonian Parliament 1992–2003), Margus Laidre (Estonian Ambassador to Sweden 1991–1996 and currently the UK), Hain Rebas (Minister of Defence 1992–1993), and former President Lennart Meri (also a history graduate from the University of Tartu).
2 While our article is concerned first and foremost with the influence of personal experience on the Estonian historians' professional self-understanding and outlook, other work on the professional identity, role and social status of academics (Bourdieu Citation1988, 1990), and on the criteria of what constitutes a profession vis-à-vis society at large (Hoyle & John Citation1995; Sparkes Citation2002) might be valuable to consider for further research on the topic.
3 Our research is located in the wider discourse on the politics of history in the Soviet Union and Russia, as put forward by Fitzpatrick (Citation2007) and Markwick (Citation2001 and Citation2006). Yurchak's (Citation2006) historical-genealogical analysis of last Soviet generation also informed our study.
4 In this article we base our discussion on Jan Assmann's concept of collective memory, which is both cultural and communicative (Assmann Citation1997).
5 In the late 1940s the core of the historians in the TSU mostly consisted of the pre-war staff. The key persons were Hans Kruus (1891–1976), Artur Vassar (1911–1977) and Richard Kleis (1896–1982). In the eyes of the students, teachers such as Voldemar Vaga (1899–1999), Julius Madisson (1898–1969), Jaan Konks (1902–1988), and Rudolf Kenkmaa (1898–1975) became the living cornerstones of the discipline in the TSU. All of them had a professional background and wide academic education.
6 Among these newcomers who also supplemented the University staff at Tartu were Hilda Moosberg (1903–1985), Lydia Roots (1906–1996), Viktor Maamägi (1917–2005), Gustav Naan (1919–1994) and Arnold Koop (1922–1988).
7 Throughout this paper, we refer to the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic by the common acronym ESSR.
8 A group of Party functionaries, such as Joosep Saat (1900–1977), director of the Institute in 1948–1954, Abe Liebman (1914–1990), Paul Vihalem (1910–1985) and Oskar Sepre (1900–1965), took charge of the Institute. Most of them were long-time CPE activists, journalists and writers who did not possess any academic degree in history. They were reinforced with young Party cadres, such as Ivan (Johannes) Käbin (1905–1999, a later First Secretary of the CC of the CPE in 1950–1978), who was appointed as the first director of the Institute in 1947–1948.
9 Historians such as Otto Karma (1915–1975), Ea Jansen (1921–2005), Õie Elango (1924–2000), Irina Solomokova (1925–1989), Sulev Vahtre (1926–2007), Endel Laul (b.1927), Hillar Palamets (b.1927), Karl Siilivask (b.1927), Heino Arumäe (b.1928), Juhan Kahk (1928–98), Herbert Ligi (1928–90), Heldur Palli (1928–2003), Elina Öpik (1928–2006), Olaf Kuuli (b.1929), Olaf Klaassen (b.1929), Helmut Piirimäe (b.1930), Evald Laasi (1931–1993), and Enn Tarvel (b.1932) can be considered as belonging to the War Generation. In the early 1950s Vaino Väljas (b.1931), last chairman of the CPE, graduated from the Department of History in Tartu.
10 The Institute of History at the University of Tartu, the Institute of History at the Estonian SSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of the History of the CPE.
11 Double-thinking is an intellectual survival strategy that refers to public approval of ‘official truths’, such as ideological dogmas, but compensates forced behavior with an opposite personal opinion that can be fostered in private or closed spheres (Markwick Citation2001, p. 70).
12 Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996.
13 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). Short Course. Edited by a Commission of the CC of the CPSU(b) (1937).
14 Kruus, Moora & Vassar: Eesti ajaloo. Unprinted manuscript in Estonian State Archive. ERA PA, 1-81-7.
15 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 11.01.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996. About the repression campaigns see Raid (Citation1995) passim.
16 Rauno, interview, Tallinn, 29.05.1997.
17 Originally, the writings of the pamphlet had been published as separate articles in Eesti Bolshevik in 1945–1946.
18 Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996.
19 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 11.01.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996.
20 Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996; Rauno, interview, Tallinn, 29.05.1997.
21 Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996.
22 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 11.01.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996.
23 Kalev, interview, Tartu,11.01.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996.
24 Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996; Rauno, interview, Tallinn, 29.5.1997.
25 Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996.
26 Jan, interview, Tartu, 10.01.1996; Gert, interview, Tartu, 10.01.1996; Urmas, interview, Tartu, 09.01.1996; Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996.
27 Jan, interview, Tartu, 10.01.1996.
28 Rauno, interview, Tallinn, 29.05.1997. For example, articles and monographs by Heino Arumäe contained lots of previously unknown information on the foreign policy of interwar Estonia. On the level of historical events and agents Arumäe's texts offered to the reader not only new facts but also a much more complex and extensive overview than provided by standard Soviet history textbooks. Arumäe's books and public lectures were exceptionally popular, especially in the 1980s.
29 Vasili, interview, Turku, 02.04.1996; Rauno, interview, Tallinn, 29.05.1997.
30 Gert, interview, Tartu, 10.01.1996.
31 Vilhelm, interview, Tallinn, 12.06.2002.
32 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
33 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
34 Nora, interview, Tallinn, 08.10.2003.
35 Nora, interview, Tallinn, 08.10.2003.
36 Nora, interview, Tallinn, 08.10.2003.
37 Zahkar, interview, Tallinn, 12.06.2002.
38 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
39 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002; Paula, interview, Tallinn, 09.10.2003.
40 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
41 Paula, interview, Tallinn, 09.10.2003
42 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
43 Nora, interview, Tallinn, 08.10.2003.
44 Pille, interview, Tartu, 06.10.2003.
45 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003.
46 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003.
47 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003
48 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 03.06.2002.
49 Vilhelm, interview, Tallinn, 12.06.2002
50 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
51 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 03.06.2002.
52 Niils, interview, Tallinn, 11.06.2002.
53 Tiina, interview, Tartu, 06.10.2003.
54 Vilhelm, interview, Tallinn, 12.06.2002.
55 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003.
56 Zinovij, interview, Tallinn, 18.09.2003.
57 Zinovij, interview, Tallinn, 18.09.2003.
58 Rein, interview, Narva 04.06.2002.
59 Ervin, interview, Tallinn, 02.10.2003.
60 Kalev, interview, Tartu, 03.06.2002; Paula, interview, Tallinn, 09.10.2003.
61 Ervin, interview, Tallinn, 02.10.2003.
62 Vilma, interview Tallinn, 11.06.2002.
63 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
64 Hariton, interview, Tartu, 02.06.2002.
65 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003.
66 Zbigniew, interview, Tallinn, 03.10.2003.
67 Ülle-Mai, interview, Tallinn, 08.06.2002.
68 Ervin, interview, Tallinn, 02.10.2003.
69 Ervin, interview, Tallinn, 02.10.2003.
70 Eduard, interview, Tallinn, 11.10.1996.
71 Oskar, interview, Tallinn, 01.10.2003.