Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer Specific for Different Macroscopic Types

Abstract

Objective: To further explore risk factors of esophageal squamous cell cancer specific for different macroscopic types.

Methods: A total of 423 patients and 423 age (±3 years) and gender matched controls were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors of ESCC specific for different macroscopic types.

Results: In this study, we found that drinking hot tea (OR = 1.98, 95% CI:1.14–3.43) and higher intake of hard food (OR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.05–2.58) positively associated with ulcerative type of ESCC, but not with medullary type or other types. Although alcohol drinking and lower intake of fresh vegetable appeared to be more harmful to the ulcerative-type ESCC, the discrepant risks were not significantly different in ulcerative type and medullary type. Moreover, tobacco smoking, intake of hot food, spicy food, fresh fruit, scallion and garlic were related to ESCC risk, whereas no significant difference in magnitude of their associations with respect to macroscopic type was observed. Furthermore, significant multiplicative interaction between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking was found in ulcerative-type and medullary-type ESCC.

Conclusion: Drinking hot tea and higher intake of hard food were associated with increased risk of ulcerative type of ESCC. However, the mechanism for this difference needs to be further studied.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the staffs from Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and the first affiliated hospital of Fujian Medical University. And we also would like to express our appreciation to the patients participated in our study.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fujian Medical University (Fuzhou, China) and all participants signed informed consent forms.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Availability of Data and Material

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

YHM conceived of the study, and performed the statistical analysis, participated in the drafted the manuscript. YHM, LS, ZZH, WJW, XQW, CYM, and CHL collected samples. HZJ and LZ participated in the design of the study, LYL and HF helped to review the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFC0907100), Innovation project of Fujian Province (No. 2018-CX-38).