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Notes
1 John M. Owen, The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510-2010 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).
2 Paul D. Miller, Armed State Building: Confronting State Failure, 1898-2012 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).
3 Daniel P. Bolger, Why We Lost: A General's Inside Account of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014).
4 David Petraeus, “Afghanistan did not have to turn out this way,” Atlantic, August 8, 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/08/us-withdrawal-afghanistan-strategy-shortcomings/670980/.
5 Carter Malkasian, The American War in Afghanistan: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).
6 For a detailed analysis of the preexisting and overdetermined challenges of armed statebuilding operations, see Adam Wunische, Unwinnable Wars: Afghanistan and the Future of American Armed Statebuilding (New York: Polity Press, 2024).
7 Department of the Army, “Stability Operations,” October 2008, https://irp.fas.org/doddir/army/fm3-07.pdf.
8 Pew Research Center, “Public Attitudes Towards the War in Iraq: 2003-2008,” March 19, 2008, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2008/03/19/public-attitudes-toward-the-war-in-iraq-20032008/.
9 Data for public approval taken from Gallup annual tracking of public approval, Megan Brenan, “Americans Split on Whether Afghanistan War Was a Mistake,” Gallup, July 26, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/352793/americans-split-whether-afghanistan-war-mistake.aspx.
10 James M. Carter, Inventing Vietnam: The United States and Statemaking in Southeast Asia (Houston, TX: University of Houston, 2004).
11 Alain C. Enthoven and K. Wayne Smith, How much is enough?: Shaping the defense program, 1961-1969 (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2005).
12 Gregory A. Daddis, “The problem of metrics: Assessing progress and effectiveness in the Vietnam War,” War in History 19, no. 1 (2012): 73-98.
13 Linda Robinson, Sean Mann, Jeffrey Martini, and Stephanie Pezard, Finding the Right Balance (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2441.html.
14 Author interviews with military and security policy experts, 2020-2024.
15 Rebecca Patterson, The Challenge of Nation-Building: Implementing Effective Innovation in the US Army from World War II to the Iraq War (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014).
16 Ibid.
17 Astri Suhrke, "The dangers of a tight embrace: externally assisted statebuilding in Afghanistan," in The Dilemmas of Statebuilding, Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk, eds. (Routledge, 2009), 241-265.
18 David Hessekiel, “The rise and fall of the buy-one-give-one model at toms,” Forbes, April 28, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhessekiel/2021/04/28/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-buy-one-give-one-model-at-toms/?sh=54c8cdac71c4.
19 Frontline, “Interview with L. Paul Bremer,” August 1, 2003, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/interviews/bremer.html.
20 David J. Singer, Stuart A. Bremer, and John Stuckey, “Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820–1965 1,” in Advancing Peace Research (Routledge, 2012), 161-174.
21 James H. Lebovic, Planning to Fail: The US wars in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
22 Michael T. Corgan, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the American Occupation of Iceland," Naval War College Review 45, no. 4 (1992): 34-54.
23 Merlyn Thomas and Jake Horton, “Six months on, how close is Israel to eliminating Hamas?” BBC, April 5, 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68745681.
24 Seth G. Jones and Martin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida (RAND Corporation, 2008).
25 Adrian Karatnycky, “How Deep Does Corruption Run in Ukraine?” Foreign Policy, March 6, 2024, https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/06/ukraine-corruption-reforms-russia-war/.
26 Megan Benan, “More Americans Say U.S. Is Not Helping Ukraine Enough,” Gallup News, April 12, 2024, https://news.gallup.com/poll/643601/americans-say-not-helping-ukraine-enough.aspx.
27 Paul MacDonald, and Joseph M. Parent, Twilight of the titans: Great power decline and retrenchment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018).