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Notes
1 House Armed Services Committee, “America’s Strategic Posture, the Final Report of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States,” October 2023, 5, 3, https://armedservices.house.gov/sites/republicans.armedservices.house.gov/files/Strategic-Posture-Committee-Report-Final.pdf.
2 The United States reportedly has 3750 active and inactive warheads and another approximately 2000 awaiting dismantlement, see National Nuclear Security Administration,“Nuclear Stockpile Transparency,” https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/nuclear-stockpile-transparency; Russia reportedly has approximately 6,000, see “Fact Sheet: Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance,” Arms Control Association, updated June 2023, https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat.
3 Susan Koch, The Presidential Nuclear Initiatives of 1991 and 1992 (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 2012), 24-25.
4 George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2007, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116787515251566636.
5 National Archives, “Remarks by President Barack Obama, Hradcany Square, Prague, Czech Republic, April 5, 2009,” https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-delivered.
6 Brad Roberts, On Theories of Victory, Red and Blue, Livermore Paper No. 7 (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2020).
7 Sergey Brezkun as cited in ibid., 50.
8 Remark attributed to Victor Mikhailov in Keith Payne and Mark Schneider, “Russia’s New National Security Strategy,” Real Clear Defense, February 11, 2016, https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2016/02/12/russias_new_national_security_strategy_109016-3.html.
9 Cited in Office of the Secretary of State, The Elements of the China Challenge, report prepared by the Policy Planning Staff, 2020.
10 Robert Kagan, The Ghost at the Feast (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2023), 457.
11 Ash Carter, “A Strong and Balanced Approach Toward Russia,” Survival 58, no. 6 (2016): 51-62.
12 Kai Quek, “Four Costly Signaling Mechanisms,” American Political Science Review 15, no. 2 (2021): 537-549.
13 “Regarding the nuclear forces policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,” September 8, 2022; See also Alexander Ward, “North Korea displays enough ICBMs to overwhelm U.S. defense system against them,” Politico, February 8, 2023, https://www.politico.com/news/2023/02/08/north-korea-missile-capability-icbms-00081993; and Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korea Vows to Escalate Nuclear Threat Against the South,” New York Times, January 1, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/01/world/asia/north-korea-nuclear-escalate.html.
14 Remarks by President Vladimir Putin to the Russian Duma explaining his decision to annex Crimea, March 18, 2014.
15 US Department of State, “Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferatiion, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments,” 2023, https://www.state.gov/adherence-to-and-compliance-with-arms-control-nonproliferation-and-disarmament-agreements-and-commitments/.
16 US Department of Defense, “1997 Quadrennial Defense Review,” https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/quadrennial/QDR1997.pdf?ver=2014-06-25-110930-527.
17 National Archives, “Remarks by President Barack Obama, Hradcany Square, Prague.”
18 Ibid., 34-35.
19 Ibid.
20 The White House, “Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan for the Arms Control Association Annual Forum,” June 2, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/06/02/remarks-by-national-security-advisor-jake-sullivan-for-the-arms-control-association-aca-annual-forum/.
21 “Providing for the Common Defense: the Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission,” US Institute of Peace, November 13, 2018, https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf.
22 Ibid.
23 “America’s Strategic Posture.”
24 “Here’s What Donald Trump Has Said About Nuclear Weapons, Time, August 3, 2016, https://time.com/4437089/donald-trump-nuclear-weapons-nukes/.
25 See Maximilian Hoell, Samuel Hickey, Mason Bammer, and Eliza Friend, Toward a New Division of Deterrence Labor Between and Among the United States and its Allies and Partners, Workshop Summary, June 6-7, 2023, https://cgsr.llnl.gov/content/assets/docs/CGSR-Workshop-Summary-2023-06.pdf.
26 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2002).