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Notes
1 Gary Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide (New York: Penguin Random House, 2013).
2 Sumit Ganguly, “India and the Responsibility to Protect,” International Relations 30, no. 3 (2016): 362-374.
3 Shale Horowitz and Deepti Sharma, “Democracies Fighting Ethnic Insurgencies,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31, no. 8 (2008): 749-773.
4 Vikas Pandey, “Ukraine: Why India is Not Criticising Russia Over Ukraine,” BBC News, March 3, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60552273.
5 “India’s Modi tells Russia’s Putin that now “is not an era of war,” CNBC, September 16, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/17/indias-modi-tells-russias-putin-that-now-is-not-an-era-of-war.html.
6 PTI, “India Abstains in U.N. Vote Underscoring Need for Just, Lasting Peace in Ukraine,” Hindu, February 24, 2023, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-abstains-in-un-vote-underscoring-need-for-just-lasting-peace-in-ukraine/article66546740.ece#:~:text=The%20resolution%2C%20which%20got%20141,the%2032%20countries%20that%20abstained.
7 Emily Tamkin, “India’s Top Diplomat Visits Russia,” Foreign Policy, December 27, 2023, https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/12/27/india-russia-jaishankar-visit-moscow-lavrov-putin/.
8 On India’s view of sovereignty see C. Raja Mohan, “Putting Sovereignty Back in Global Order: An Indian View,” Washington Quarterly 43, no. 3 (2020): 81-98.
9 David Scott, “India’s China Challenge: Foreign Policy Dilemmas Post-Galwan and Post-Covid,” Journal of Indian and Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (2021): 1-21.
10 This point, among others, is quite forcefully made in Nirupama Rao, “The Upside of Rivalry: India’s Great Power Opportunity,” Foreign Affairs, April 18, 2023, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/india/modi-new-delhi-upside-rivalry.
11 For a discussion of the Cold War nostalgia that elements of the Indian elite share see Raj Verma, “Multi-alignment and India’s response to the Russia-Ukraine war,” International Politics, July 2023.
12 Gary Lee, “Gorbachev Makes Overture to Asia,” Washington Post, August 3, 1986.
13 Steven Weisman, “Gorbachev in India: Despite an Outpouring of Friendship, Gandhi Stays Outside the Soviet Orbit,” New York Times, December 1, 1986.
14 Kamran Khan and Kevin Sullivan, “Indian Blasts Bring World Condemnation,” Washington Post, May 13, 1998.
15 Willem van Kemenade, A Russia-India-China Triangle: “Primakov’s Triangle? (The Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2008); also see Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, “Russi-India-China Trilateral Grouping: More than Hype?,” Diplomat, July 5, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/russia-india-china-trilateral-grouping-more-than-hype/.
16 C.J. Werleman, “Russia’s Changing Relationship with India: Arms Talk,” Politics Today, May 3, 2021, https://politicstoday.org/russias-changing-relationship-with-india-arms-talk/.
17 Lauren Frayer, “A Year into the Ukraine war, the world’s biggest democracy still won’t condemn Russia,” NPR, February 20, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/02/20/1156478956/russia-india-relations-oil-modi-putin.
18 Surinder Nihal Singh, “Why India Goes to Moscow for Arms,” Asian Survey 24, no. 7 (1984): 707-720.
19 Santosh K. Mehrotra, India and the Soviet Union: Trade and Technology Transfer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
20 Vivek Raghuvanshi, “India Signs $3 billion Contract with Russia for Lease of Nuclear Submarine,” Defense News, March 8, 2019, https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2019/03/08/india-signs-3-billion-contract-with-russia-for-lease-of-a-nuclear-submarine/.
21 Dinakar Peri, “Deliveries of S-400 Defense System Have Begun, Says Russian Official,” Hindu, November 14, 2021.
22 Krishn Kaushik and David Brunnstrom, “U.S. Military Deals not Enough to Wean India off Russian Arms Yet,” Reuters, July 10, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/us-military-deals-not-enough-wean-india-off-russian-arms-yet-2023-07-10/.
23 For a detailed discussion of India’s continued dependence on Russian military equipment see Rajan Menon and Eugene Rumer, Russia and India: A New Chapter (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2022).
24 Christophe Jaffrelot and Aadil Sud, “India’s Military Dependence on Russia,” Institut Montaigne, July 5, 2022, https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/analysis/indian-military-dependence-russia.
25 Ian Hall, “India’s Foreign Policy: Nationalist Aspirations and Enduring Constraints,” Round Table 111, no. 3 (2022): 321-332.
26 Ivan U. Klyszcz, “How Russia Brings Its Aggression Against Ukraine to the Global South,” International Centre for Defense and Security, April 2023, 1-27, https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2023/04/ICDS_Report_Russia_and_the_Global_South_Ivan_Klyszcz_April_2023.pdf.
27 Arnold L. Horelick, “The Soviet Union’s Asian Collective Security Proposal: A Club in Search of Members,” Pacific Affairs 47, no. 3 (1974): 269-285.
28 Evelyn Goh, “Nixon, Kissinger and the ‘Soviet Card’ in the U.S. Opening to China, 1971-1974,” Diplomatic History, 29, no. 3 (2005): 475-502.
29 Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
30 Record of conversation between Henry Kissinger and L.K. Jha, October 8, 1971, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 643, Country Files, Middle East, India/Pakistan.
31 Barry Blechman, Stephen S. Kaplan, Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1978).
32 Sumit Ganguly, Indian Foreign Policy: Oxford India Short Introductions (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015).
33 Dusko Doder and Carol Honsa, “Soviets and India Set $1.6 Billion Arms Agreement,” Washington Post, May 29, 1980.
34 Salimah Shivji, “Why Many People in India Aren’t Condemning Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” CBC, April 25, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-russia-ukraine-1.6428978.
35 Derek Grossman, “India’ Brittle Confidence in America,” Times of India, May 21, 2021.
36 Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India and Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
37 Philip J. Quinlan, “Pakistan: A Conflicted Ally in the Fight Against Terrorism Since 9/11,” Global Security Studies, 3, no. 1 (2012): 1-4.
38 Carlotta Gall, The Wrong Enemy: America in Afghanistan, 2001-2014 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014).
39 David M. Malone and Rohan Mukherjee, “India-US Relations: The Shock of the New,” International Journal 64, no. 4 (2009): 875-877.
40 Derek Grossman, “Modi’s Multipolarity Moment has Arrived,” RAND Commentary, June 6, 2022, https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2022/06/modis-multipolar-moment-has-arrived.html.
41 Sukalp Sharma, “India’s Reliance on Crude Oil Imports Rises to 87% in April-January,” Indian Express, February 22, 2023.
42 Jonathan Yerushalmy, “The trade in sanctioned oil is booming as the US turns a blind eye,” Guardian, September 25, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/sep/25/the-trade-in-sanctioned-oil-is-booming-as-the-us-turns-a-blind-eye.
43 “India Signals It Will Continue to Buy Oil from Russia,” US News and World Report, December 5, 2002, https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2022-12-05/india-signals-it-will-continue-to-buy-oil-from-russia.
44 Press Trust of India, “S. Jaishankar Defends India’s Move to Import Russian Oil; Says Europe imported 6 Times More than India since February 2022,” Indian Express, January 3, 2023.
45 Kai Quek, “Four Costly Signaling Mechanisms,” American Political Science Review 115, no. 2 (2021): 537-549.
46 Shayak Sengupta and Rama T. Ponangi, “Russia’s Outsized Role in India’s Nuclear Power Program,” Diplomat, May 28, 2022, https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/russias-outsized-role-in-indias-nuclear-power-program/.
47 “India, Russia Agree to Strengthen Bilateral Nuclear Cooperation,” Hindu, February 8, 2024.
48 For an alternative formulation see Menon and Rumer, 2022.
49 Nikunj Ohri and Sarita Chaganti Singh, “India’s G20 sherpa says brokering peace between Ukraine and Russia beyond bloc’s remit,” Reuters, July 15, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/indias-g20-sherpa-says-brokering-peace-between-ukraine-russia-beyond-blocs-remit-2023-07-15/.
50 S.N. Misra, “The Myth of Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defense Manusfacturing,” Wire, October 11, 2021, https://thewire.in/political-economy/the-myth-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-in-defence-manufacturing.
51 Dinakar Peri, “Further Delay in Delivery of Stealth Frigates from Russia; Now Expected in May and October,” Hindu, August 15, 2023.
52 Private conversations with senior, retired Indian policymakers, Palo Alto, California, May 2024.
53 Rajesh M. Basrur, Subcontinental Draft: Domestic Politics and Indian Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2023).
54 Spenser Warren and Sumit Ganguly, “India-Russia Relations after Ukraine,” Asian Survey 62, no. 5 (2022): 811-837.
55 Ishaan Tharoor, “Russia Becomes China’s ‘junior partner,’” Washington Post, August 12, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/12/china-russia-power-imbalance-putin-xi-junior-partner/.