Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Have a Nutritionally Significant Impact on Micronutrient Intakes of Older Adults Attending Senior Centers

Abstract

Older adults frequently report use of vitamin and mineral (VM) supplements, although the impact of supplements on dietary adequacy remains largely unknown. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate micronutrient intakes of older adults with emphasis on identifying nutrients most improved by VM supplements, nutrients most likely to remain inadequate, and nutrients most likely consumed in excess. Community-based volunteers were recruited from senior centers and completed a questionnaire querying demographic data, current health status, and VM supplement use. Participants (n = 263) were then contacted by telephone to complete two 24-hour diet recalls and confirm VM supplement use. Dietary adequacy was determined by comparing the ratio of mean dietary intake to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Dietary consumption was lowest for vitamins D and E, calcium, and magnesium. VM supplementation most improved intakes of vitamins E, D, B₆, folic acid, and calcium. Participants were most likely to exceed the Tolerable Upper Limit with supplementation of niacin, folic acid, and vitamin A.

KEYWORDS:

• community-based
• dietary intake
• vitamin/mineral supplements

Notes

*Formulation designed to help maintain eye function, usually containing β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, copper, and zinc.

†p < .01.

‡p < .001.

^a Intake was calculated as a ratio of the recommended intakes, actual intakes ÷ recommended intakes. Ratios <1.0 were intakes below recommendation and represented in this table. Ratios >1.0 were above recommendation and considered adequate.

^b Nutrients with AI values.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.

*Combined intake of provitamin A and β-carotene.

†Recorded in µg DFE.