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Short Communications

Cannibalism in the Andean lizard Liolaemus orientalis

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Pages 244-247 | Received 21 Nov 2016, Accepted 10 Jul 2017, Published online: 02 Aug 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Cannibalism is a recurrent behavior across the animal kingdom, with important ecological and evolutionary consequences due to its potential trade-offs on the fitness of involved individuals and demography dynamics. Cannibalism has been reported in eight species of several phylogenetic lineages within Liolaemus, a highly diverse genus of Neotropical lizards. Within the Liolaemus montanus series, two species are reported to eat juveniles in captivity. We observed a female Liolaemus orientalis, another L. montanus series member, which had ingested a juvenile of its own species in the wild. As it generally happens with other lizards, cannibalism in Liolaemus has been suggested to be performed by the larger sex, with L. chiliensis being the only other case observed until now in which the cannibalistic individual was a female. The fact that females are slightly smaller than males in L. orientalis means that our observation is an exception to previously observed trends. We suggest that there is a relationship between this behavior and the presence of a masculine trait in the cannibalistic female: developed precloacal pores. We also discuss how refuge availability may influence demography and the probability of dispersing juveniles encountering adults, increasing the chances for cannibalism to play some role in population density regulation.

RESUMEN

El canibalismo es un comportamiento recurrente en el reino animal, con importantes consecuencias ecológicas y evolutivas, debidas a sus potenciales efectos sobre la eficacia biológica de los individuos implicados y las dinámicas demográficas. El canibalismo ha sido descrito en ocho especies de varios linajes filogenéticos dentro de Liolaemus, un género de lagartijas neotropicales altamente diverso. Dentro de la serie de Liolaemus montanus, se conocen dos especies que comen juveniles en cautividad. Observamos una hembra de Liolaemus orientalis, otro miembro de la serie de L. montanus, que había ingerido un juvenil de su propia especie en estado salvaje. Al igual que ocurre generalmente con otros saurios, se ha sugerido que el canibalismo en Liolaemus es realizado por el sexo más grande, siendo hasta ahora L. chiliensis el único otro caso conocido en el que el individuo caníbal era una hembra. El hecho de que las hembras son ligeramente más pequeñas que los machos en L. orientalis, convierte nuestra observación en una excepción a las tendencias observadas previamente. Sugerimos que puede haber una relación de este comportamiento con la presencia de un carácter masculino en la hembra caníbal (poros precloacales desarrollados). También discutimos cómo la disponibilidad de refugio puede influir en la demografía y la probabilidad de que los juveniles en dispersión se encuentren con adultos, aumentando las posibilidades de que el canibalismo juegue algún papel en la regulación de la densidad poblacional.

Acknowledgments

José A. Alfaro, Edmundo Martínez and other rangers and managers of SERNAP (Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas) provided logistic support in Reserva Biológica Cordillera de Sama. James Aparicio (CBF-MNHN) helped with bureaucracy for research permits, which were provided by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua of Bolivia (VMA-DGBAP 1866/2012). Nellsy A. Ohara lent her camera for taking the pictures, and she together with Ramiro Estrada-Núñez provided assistance during data collection. Anne Zillikens and three anonymous reviewers provided comments that improved the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

Research costs were supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [project CGL2011-30393] (Principal Investigator, I. De la Riva). O. Jiménez-Robles was supported by a JAE-pre grant from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).

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