Light Intensity Effects on Growth and Micronutrient Uptake by Tropical Legume Cover Crops

ABSTRACT

Cover crops are important components of a sustainable crop-production system in plantation crops such as cacao (theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffee arabica), oil palm (Elaeis Spp.), and banana (Musa Spp.). Optimal growth of cover crops in plantation agriculture is determined by adaptability of crop species, light intensity reaching their leaf canopies, and their nutrient-use efficiencies, including those of micronutrients. An experiment was conducted in a climatically controlled growth chamber to evaluate the influence of levels of light intensity on growth and micronutrient [boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] uptake parameters in legume cover crops. Two photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 200 and 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) light treatments were imposed on nine legume species (joint vetch (Aeschynomene americana), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), Crotalaria rchroleuca, showy crotalaria (crotalaria spectabilis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsute L.), lab-lab (Lablab purpureus), sesbania (Sesbania microcarpa), Brazilian stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)). Overall, light intensity significantly affected growth, micronutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios; with few exceptions, interactions between cover crop species and PPFD were also significant. Such PPFD × crop species interactions show that the cover crops used in this study differed in growth and nutrient-uptake parameters under the conditions imposed. Sunhemp, cowpea, sesbania, and lab-lab species were superior in producing shoot dry weight and in nutrient accumulation compared with other species at lower as well as at higher PPFD levels. Interspecific differences in nutrient influx and transport were observed. Influx and transport of micronutrients was in the order Mn > B > Fe > Zn > Cu. Overall, growth, nutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios were higher at higher PPFD than at lower PPFD. Results of this study indicate that the use of proper crop species at adequate light intensities is an important component of successful cultivation of cover crops in plantation agriculture.

Keywords:

• nutrient transport
• nutrient flux
• nutrient efficiency ratio
• root and shoot weight

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank S. Faulkner and J. Mascio for excellent technical support, and J. Fisher for statistical analysis. Our thanks are also extended to Dr. C. D. Foy for critical revision of the manuscript. Mention of trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable.

Notes

^†L₁ = PPFD of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and L₂ = 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

∗, ∗∗,^NSSignificant at 5% and 1% probability level and nonsignificant, respectively.

^†L₁ = PPFD of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and L₂ = 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

∗, ∗∗,^NSSignificant at 5% and 1% probability level and nonsignificant, respectively.

^†L₁ = PPFD of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and L₂ = 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

∗, ∗∗,^NSSignificant at 5% and 1% probability level and nonsignificant, respectively.

^†L₁ = PPFD of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and L₂ = 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

∗, ∗∗,^NSSignificant at 5% and 1% probability level and nonsignificant, respectively.

^†L₁ = PPFD of 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and L₂ = 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

∗, ∗∗,^NSSignificant at 5% and 1% probability level and nonsignificant, respectively.