Agronomic evaluation of mulching and iron nutrition on productivity, nutrient uptake, iron use efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system

Abstract

Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha⁻¹ and 6.56 tonnes ha⁻¹, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha⁻¹, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 50 kg ha⁻¹ + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha⁻¹, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO₄ at 50 kg ha⁻¹ + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg⁻¹ Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg⁻¹ Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg⁻¹ Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg⁻¹ Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.

Keywords:

• aerobic rice-wheat cropping system
• FeSO₄
• Fe use indices
• mulch
• nutrient uptake

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Post Graduate School and Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi for providing the facilities. Authors also acknowledge the Head, Division of Agronomy, IARI, New Delhi for providing necessary facilities for undertaking this study.

Funding

The first author is thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing him fellowship towards Ph.D. degree program.