http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5977
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Abstract
Grape quality and its nutrient composition vary depending on agronomical management practices (fertilization, irrigation, weed, and pest control), and agrochemicals treatments (such as kaolin, hormones, and sucrose), viticultural (grape cultivars and varieties, training, pruning, cluster thinning, and trunk girdling), and biotechnological techniques, as well as growth stage and environmental changes (soil, climate, and season). Understanding the mentioned agro-biotechnological techniques assists grape growers and geneticists in breeding grapevines to improve yield, tolerance, quality, and nutraceutical values based on their usage purposes. Thus, this review article focuses on the up-to-date approaches and incentivizes further studies on the unknown mechanisms related to engineering grape flavonoid/phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways to improve its health-promoting effects in both grape and human. The engineering/breeding strategies and viticultural practices have been proposed based on the grape usage purposes and environmental conditions.