TPGS/soluplus® blended micelles: an effective strategy for improving loading capacity of ferroptosis inducer erastin

Abstract

Erastin is the most classical small molecular ferroptosis inducer but its clinical application is hindered due to its poor solubility. Nanotechnology has been used to improve ferroptosis inducer erastin’s solubility. The recently reported erastin-incorporated nanosystems (e.g., nanoparticulate ferritin, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-blockpoly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) nanoparticle, exosome, and liposome) could to some degree elevate its solubility, but were still poor in loading capacity. To be specific, the maximum entrapment efficiency and drug loading in previous studies were approximately 36% and 3.7%, respectively. In order to improve drug loading capacity, we constructed a novel carrier based on Vitamin E d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®) blended micelles. The erastin@TPGS/Soluplus® micelles were prepared by thin film hydration method, and formulation details including dosage of Soluplus®, the weight ratio of TPGS to Soluplus®, the weight ratio of erastin to TPGS/Soluplus® were optimized. The physicochemical properties of the erastin micelles were measured by DLS, TEM, FTIR, and TG-DSC analysis. The products exhibited a nanoscale and uniform particle size (78.11 ± 0.54 nm) and neutral surface charge (-0.43 ± 0.32 mV). Significantly improved entrapment efficiency (89.63 ± 1.81%) and drug loading rate (10.03 ± 0.14%) were obtained, which was over 2-fold of current reports. The in vitro release study demonstrated that erastin could release in a sustained yet complete manner, and the drug release might be governed by multiple mechanisms including anomalous diffusion of non-Fickian diffusion, matrix erosion and sustained release. In summary, this proposed erastin nanosystem provides a new strategy for improving loading capacity, and may probably augment ferroptosis-inducing therapy for cancer treatment.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Ferroptosis
• erastin
• TPGS/soluplus^®
• entrapment efficiency
• drug loading rate

Authors’ contributions

Author contributions: Junwei Liu, paper writing and literature survey; Meihong Zhang, paper writing, artworks preparation and literature survey; Zhengwei Huang, conceptualization, proof-reading and fund-seeking; Chuanbin Wu and Xin Pan, manuscript polishing and program management.

Disclosure statement

There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Additional information

Funding

This study is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant (82104070) and Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, grant (202201010589).