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International Journal of Social Psychology
Revista de Psicología Social
Volume 30, 2015 - Issue 3
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Research papers / Artículos de investigación

Measuring warmth and competence at inter-group, interpersonal and individual levels / Medición de la cordialidad y la competencia en los niveles intergrupal, interindividual e individual

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Pages 407-438 | Received 02 Sep 2013, Accepted 18 Sep 2014, Published online: 14 Sep 2015
 

Abstract

Warmth and competence are universal dimensions of social perception that articulate the perception of other individuals and social groups. However, there are no scales that have systematically been used in psychosocial research. The purpose of this study is to construct two scales, one on warmth and another on competence, which could be used at the inter-group, interpersonal and individual levels. To accomplish this, we performed two studies. In Study I (N = 578 students and N = 540 general population), we tested the scales at the intergroup level (immigrant groups and Spaniards), the interpersonal level (people close to the participants) and the individual level (the participants themselves). In Study 2 (N = 184 students), the two scales were tested at an interpersonal level by evaluating 16 public figures. The results of both studies show that both the warmth scale (kind, pleasant, friendly, warm) and the competence scale (competent, effective, skilled, intelligent) achieved a high degree of reliability when reflecting the perception of groups, individuals and oneself.

Resumen

La cordialidad y la competencia son dimensiones universales de percepción social que articulan la percepción interpersonal y de los grupos sociales. Sin embargo, no existen escalas que hayan sido utilizadas de forma sistemática en la investigación psicosocial. El objetivo de esta investigación es construir dos escalas, una de cordialidad y otra de competencia que puedan ser utilizadas en los niveles intergrupal, interpersonal e individual. Para ello se realizan dos estudios. En el Estudio 1 (N = 578 estudiantes y N = 540 población general), se ponen a prueba las escalas en los niveles intergrupal (grupos de inmigrantes y españoles), interindividual (personas cercanas) e individual (uno mismo). En el Estudio 2 (N = 184 estudiantes) se evalúan 16 personajes públicos. Los resultados de ambos estudios muestran que tanto la escala de cordialidad (amable, agradable, amigable, cordial) como la de competencia (competente, eficaz, habilidoso, inteligente) alcanzan una alta fiabilidad a la hora de responder cómo se percibe a los grupos, a las personas y a uno mismo.

Acknowledgements / Agradecimientos

This study was conducted as part of project PSI2010-17397, which received funding from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Armando Rodríguez and Verónica Betancor from the Universidad de La Laguna and to Silvia Guerrero from the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha for having provided them with access to the students. / Esta investigación se ha realizado dentro del proyecto: PSI2010-17397 subvencionado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España. Los autores Agradecen a Armando Rodríguez y Verónica Betancor de la Universidad de La Laguna y a Silvia Guerrero de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha por haberle facilitado el acceso a estudiantes.

Notes

1. Translator’s Note: This study was conducted in Spanish using the adjectives ‘cordialidad’ for warmth and ‘competencia’ for competence

2. The purpose of this section is to check whether the underlying structure of the social groups in terms of warmth and competence is similar in both samples. These similar results reveal that they are replicable regardless of the type of sample. For this reason, we did not merge the two samples when performing the analysis.

Indeed, there could be significant differences between the measurements of warmth (or competence) for a group obtained in the different samples. However, this would be irrelevant for our purposes because our goal was to check whether the groups are perceived similarly in relative terms (such as: Latin Americans are perceived as high in warmth but low in competence), not in absolute terms.

1. El objetivo en este apartado es comprobar que la estructura subyacente de los grupos sociales en términos de cordialidad y competencia es semejante en ambas muestras. Esta semejanza de resultados pone en evidencia que los resultados son replicables, independientemente del tipo de muestra. Es por ello por lo que no se unen ambas muestras para realizar los análisis.

Podrían, de hecho, producirse diferencias significativas entre las medias de cordialidad (o competencia) para un grupo obtenidas en las distintas muestras. Sin embargo, esto resultaría irrelevante de cara al objetivo propuesto ya que lo que se pretende comprobar es que los grupos son percibidos de forma análoga en términos relativos (e.g., los latinoamericanos son percibidos como altos en cordialidad y bajos en competencia) no absolutos.

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