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Notes
1 Habermas (Citation1984: 285) uses the term “strategic action” to refer to goal-oriented collective action, as opposed to collective action directed at reaching understanding, which is his meaning of “communicative action”. The concept of strategy used by those discussing spatial strategymaking is broader, referring to efforts to think about future directions, which involves both developing understanding and identifying goals and directions of significance to the relevant political community.
2 See, for example, the work of Amsterdam planner, van Eesteren (Jolles et al. Citation2003).
3 One of the most sophisticated arguments for such decision technologies is provided by Dahl and Lindblom (1953). They were struggling for an approach to governance which sought to challenge the dominance of the corporate private sector in the US, while not going down the socialist road which had been discredited as the experiences in Russia had become better known. They were of course writing as the “cold war” was being established.
4 See Davies 1989 and CEC 1997 for accounts of European planning systems in the late 20th century.
5 See Mcloughlin Citation1969 for the most accessible statement of this perspective.
Additional information
Patsy Healey is professor emeritus at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape at Newcastle University, UK. She is a specialist in planning theory and practice, and her recent work has been on strategic spatial planning (see Urban Complexity and Strategic Spatial Planning (Routledge 2007).